Can Television Improve Social and Political Life in the United States?

Throughout history television has been used to improve social and political life in the United States in many ways. Television reaches millions of viewers in the United States on a daily basis. It is an important form of communication and has been for many years. Television brings important historical events, both positive and negative, directly into the homes of America. People do not only read about current events, they experience them in real time. Society and Television Television can be used as an education tool because there are many television shows on the air that are informative and educational. The right television shows can teach our children about morals and values. Educational television is not only for children, television channels such as â€Å"National Geographic† and â€Å"The History Channel† can serve as learning tools for adults. There are also programs that educate society about problems and concerns about the social and political aspects in America. Since there is at least one television in each household, it is the best tool to use when airing news broadcasts used address a large audience (Csun. edu). Issues such as the large rate of unemployment or political happenings in the country are made known to the American public. Using television to educate those who do not know all of the facts and data related to issues of society is one way these issues can be addressed. Airing programs that address these issues during prime time news or highly watched shows would utilize the influence that television has and reach a large number of people at one time. One way to improve social life in the United States is to let the majority of the population know what is going on in America. When awareness is improved, news coverage and politics begin to get involved with the issues that the American people are concerned about. Political Television The television can be used to improve political life as well. The news stations cover and dramatize the news when it comes to politics. There is always a politician arguing over the latest issue that has arisen. Even though these types of arguments are sometimes dramatized, it gives the American people a chance to view both sides of an issue. Television also airs messages from politicians who are campaigning for seats in the Senate or House. This is useful with providing American people with knowledge about candidates and what they stand for. The American people get to see the pros and cons of one side versus the other side and then decide who they agree with. Television can improve political life by informing Americans about who stands for what and what the politician’s goals may be (abelard. org). A person is better suited to make a clear and conscious decision about who they want to vote for in any election through the information that television provides to the public. Television helps improve both social and political life in by raising awareness of social issues and informing people about political aspects that are going on in the United States.

Compare and contrast Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Essay

Introduction The current essay focuses on two different therapeutic techniques, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Solution Focused Brief Therapy. The initial component of the essay outlines the therapeutic orientations of both approaches; then, the different approaches are related to a case study of a young lady called Linda who is seeking counseling due to feelings of hopelessness. The essay is then finished with some of the author’s personal opinions on the two therapeutic approaches. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy While Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) has been in development since the 1980’s, it has only recently risen to prominence and is sometimes described as a ‘new wave’ therapeutic technique. ACT is a modern behaviour therapy that uses acceptance and mindfulness interventions alongside commitment and behaviour change strategies to enhance psychological flexibility (Sonja, 2011). ACT differs from many modern therapies, in particular its approach to dealing with distressing emotions, thoughts and behaviours. Unlike many modern psychotherapies, ACT does not look to reduce the severity or frequency of unwanted thoughts and emotions; however, it instead focuses on helping people to live more rewarding lives even in the presence of undesirable thoughts, emotions and sensations. ACT is underpinned by a program of research on the nature of human language and cognitions know as Rational Frame Theory (RFT). RFT describes how normal human language processes dramatically change the human experience by resulting in the ability to readily and frequently evaluate virtually all of its experiences negatively (Flaxman and Blackledge, 2010). This verbal capacity allows humans to compare their ‘ideal’ to their ‘flaws’. Any discrepancies can be interpreted as unworthiness, and this can be a cause of psychological distress. RFT has led to the development of an empirically based model of human functioning that comprises six interrelated therapeutic processes. These are: acceptance, defusion, contact with the present moment, self as context, values, and committed action. While detailed descriptions  of these processes are beyond the scope of the current essay, a few elements can be explored. Cognitive fusion is a core process, which can lead to psychological distress. Cognitive fusion refers to when words themselves take on the properties of the things to which they refer (Flaxman and Blackledge, 2010). For example, if someone has gone through a violent attack, that individual may have thoughts about the attack, which can bring up in the present, all the thoughts, emotions and memories associated with that event, even if it was many years ago. In this example the individual may start to think that all people are dangerous, and therefore not go out. Thus the process of ‘fusion’, by which verbal processes come to excessively or inappropriately influence behavior, which may lead one to behave in ways that are guided by inflexible verbal networks. ACT would look at assisting the individual to not be governed rigidly by the thoughts in their head, working instead to find ways to more effectively interact with the directly experienced world, rather than the verbal ly constructed one in their mind (Sonja, 2011). Acceptance and commitment While the word acceptance may have associations for some such as â€Å"grin and bear it† or ‘soldiering on’, the word is used differently in ACT. In ACT the word acceptance refers to the willingness to experience distressing emotions and experiences that are encountered in the process of behaving in a way which is consistent with one’s values (Flaxman and Blackledge, 2010). Commitment refers to a public commitment to a specific value or value-consistent behavior, where the individual acts in accordance with their values. For example, a person whose value is to be ‘a caring partner’ may commit to taking their partner out for a meal each week. Solution-focused brief therapy Solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) was developed by Steve De Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg in 1986. SFBT believes that change can come from two primary  sources, firstly by getting clients to discuss their preferred future, for example what their lives might look like should therapy be successful and, secondly, by detailing their skills and resources that clients have at their disposal (Macdonald, 2011). SFBT holds that language and words are very important, and that helping clients talk about their lives in more useful language can lead to positive change. One of the major differences between SFBT and other psychotherapies is that while SFBT acknowledged that clients tend to come to therapy to talk about their problems, the SFBT will not encourage them to talk about their problems, but rather to talk about solutions (Rafter, Evans and Iveson, 2012). One of the central assumptions of SFBT is that the client will choose the goals for therapy and that the client themselves have resources which they will use in making changes (Macdonald, 2011). The therapeutic conversation aims at restoring hope and self-esteem, while reducing anxiety to a point where people become able to think more widely and creatively about solutions. SFBT holds that high anxiety can restrict cognition and attention to the surrounding environment and that, by reducing anxiety, it would allow for wider thinking about possible approaches to problems, as well as mobilizing their existing strengths and resources to address their desired goals (Rafter et al, 2012). Therapeutic relationship and goals The therapist adopts a non-expert or ‘not-knowing’ stance, in which the individual selects the goals and the means to get to the goals. Unrealistic goals may be negotiated with the therapist. Unlike other therapies no homework is given and no advice is given as to what should be done next. As Insoo Kim Berg said: ‘leave no footprints in the clients life’. The word ‘brief’ in SFBT means that therapy should not last ‘one more session than is necessary’. Research shows that the average client utilizes 3 to 6 and a half sessions (Macdonald, 2011). The therapist seeks to maintain respectful curiosity about the client’s situation. The therapist assumes that change is possible or even inevitable,  given the nature of the human existence, this philosophical stand point has its basis in Buddhist teachings, that change is a continual process and stability is only an illusion (Richard, 2011). Assumptions of SFBT De Shazer’s 3 rules which underpin SFBT 1 If it ain’t broke don’t fix it 2 Once you know what works do more of it 3 If it doesn’t work, don’t do it again, do something different (Rafter et al, 2012). All clients are motivated towards something. Clients do not lack motivation and it is the therapist’s job to uncover what they are motivated towards. Attempting to understand the cause of the problem is not helpful and, in some cases, can be harmful as clients get caught up in describing their situation in negative language. However fixed a problem pattern may be, the client will be engaging in some of the solution. Linda’s presenting problem Linda has come to counseling, as she appears unsure about the direction her life is heading. There appears to be a gap between what Linda wanted to be and what she perceives herself to be now. She has described issues with her partner, including arguments over marriage. Linda also describes some negative thoughts about herself such as feeling ‘hopeless’ and ‘not good enough’. These thoughts and feeling appears to be very distressing to Linda. Many of these thoughts appear to be related to her new job where is often feels inadequate. Linda has also stated that she has found social interaction less rewarding recently and describes it as ‘pointless’. Linda and ACT One of the first steps for Linda would be discussing with the ACT therapist  her chosen life values, that is the things that are most important in Linda’s life. For example, Linda might decide that being very successful in her work is an important value for her. Once the goal is established the therapist and Linda would look to commit to a pattern of behavior that is in line with the goal of ‘being successful at work’. Often avoidance and cognitive fusion issues can act as a barrier for clients in achieving their goals. Experiential Avoidance, Cognitive Fusions and Linda Within ACT, the case formulation is that affective disorders are the result of unsuccessful attempts to escape from challenging private events that the individual is unwilling to experience (Zettle, 2004). This is also known as experiential avoidance, which can be defined as the process by which individuals engage in strategies designed to alter the frequency or experience of private events, such as thoughts and feelings, memories or bodily sensations (Sonja, 2011). For example, Linda describes herself as ‘conservative’ and not much of a ‘risk taker’; up to this point in her life Linda has taken jobs that are well within her comfort zone. As such, Linda may have avoided challenging work environments and avoided the pressure and criticism that comes along with these positions. The ACT therapist would focus on a course of work with Linda encouraging her to experience the full spectrum of thoughts, feelings and emotions so she does not feel the need to avoid or escape (Sonja, 2011). In this case asking Linda to experience the thought/feeling that ‘she is sometimes not good enough’. By facing this thought Linda may become more comfortable with it, and be able to function even in the presence of these distressing thoughts. As experiential avoidance is seen as the underlying cause to psychological distress it stands to reason that the solution would lie in engaging clients in the situations they find difficult. If we accept that life will inevitably have psychologically distressful events and that often these events cannot be avoided, then therapy should help clients accept the distress that arises during life. At the core of RFT’s account of language and cognitions is the assumption that the kind of abstract, evaluative words  we struggle with that claim to capture reality, in fact cannot. Thus, the acceptance part of ACT is not an acceptance of how an individually literally perceives it, but rather the acceptance of his experience as it is, and not how his mind says it is. In this instance ACT would look to reduce the hold of language on the situation. Linda may make the statement ‘I’m hopeless’, ACT would look to reframe this to ‘I’m having thoughts that I’m hopeless’ rather than ‘I’m hopeless’. Reframing the statement in this way would move Linda away from defining herself as being ‘hopeless’ to defining herself as a person who sometimes feels hopeless; this would hopefully lessen the psychological distress and help Linda be more able to move towards her chosen goals. Linda and SFBT SFBT holds that there are two powerful tools to assisting recovery. The first, that positive talk about an individual’s preferred future will result in positive change; and secondly, identifying and highlighting the resources an individual already has at their disposal will better allow the individuals to use those resources. The SFBT therapist may ask Linda ‘What are your best hopes for therapy?’ thus encouraging problem free talk which is used to enhance the therapeutic alliance (Rafter et al, 2012). Problem free talk can often reduce anxiety and guilt if the therapist enquires about their success and interest as well as the problem. For example Linda has stated that there is a gap between how she is and how she wants to be, the SFBT therapist may ask ‘Can you tell me about a time when your actual self and ideal self were closer together?’ Perhaps one of the most famous elements of SFBT is the ‘miracle question’; as such it is worth looking at the miracle question in relation to Linda. The miracle question is designed to bring a sense of optimism and play, allowing creative thinking to emerge and confirming the goals already identified at the outset (Richard, 2011). The miracle question is designed to encourage the client to talk about the potential positive results of successful treatment. The miracle question is as follows: ‘I’m going to ask you a kind of strange question now. Suppose [pause] you go to bed and to sleep tonight as usual [pause] and while you are asleep a miracle happens [pause] and the problem that bought you here today [look round all present] is solved [pause]. But you are asleep and don’t know that it has been solved [pause]. What will be the first small sign that this miracle has happened and that the problem is solved?’ When asked the miracle question Linda would be prompted to describe feelings, thoughts or emotions which she wants to have in the future. She may answer ‘Well I guess I might feel more confident in my abilities, I may be more comfortable with who I am and I wouldn’t feel so anxious’. The SFBT therapist would then seek to expand on this answer by asking ‘what else?’ while always focusing on the positive elements of the answers. In the above example we see that Linda says ‘I wouldn’t feel so anxious’ the SFBT therapist may respond ‘Well you say you wouldn’t feel anxious, so what would you feel?’ to which Linda would hopefully respond with something positive ‘I’d feel calm and satisfied’. ACT vs. SFBT The power of language Both ACT and SFBT hold language as a powerful influence on human distress. ACT argues that as human language has become more complex it has also presented humans with new challenges. Specifically how we use language to relate our own self to other people/stimuli. People learn arbitrary ways of evaluating themselves and their experiences in culturally agreed upon ways, for example ‘having no partner means that you are undesirable, being inadequate is bad’ and people hold these statements as rules or absolute truths (Sonja, 2011). Take, for example, the statement ‘being inadequate is bad’ this could lead an individual who has been inadequate to conclude that they themselves are bad, the individual may arrive at this conclusion without acknowledging the subjective and incomplete nature of the statement ‘being inadequate is bad’. Humans, according to ACT, come to place too much  value in the accuracy of language. Indeed language holds so much powe r that what is verbally believed is consumed as solid fact (Sonja, 2011). SFBT focuses on a different effect of language on the human condition. While ACT states that it’s how we relate language to ambiguous stimuli which is the cause of psychological distress, SFBT focus on the use of ‘problem free talk’ to improve an individuals psychological distress. SFBT holds that talking about solutions rather than the problem will in itself allow for positive change in an individuals life. The idea being that time is spent talking about individual’s strengths, rather than their problems, will reduce stress. When stress is reduced SFBT holds that clients are more able to access solutions for their problems, as when clients are anxious they have restricted cognitions. The therapeutic relationship Studies have indicated that the therapeutic alliance has a significant impact on the outcome of treatment (Lambert and Barley, 2002). ACT and SFBT share some similar ideas around what the therapeutic relationship should look like. Both approaches believe that the therapist should take a ‘not-knowing’ position which puts the therapist ‘in the same boat’ as the client. In ACT the therapist acknowledges that they themselves are human and struggle as well and thus they should be able to apply ACT principals to their own experiences in order to respond consistently and coherently with the model and to form an authentic relationship. If the therapist does not apply the principal to their life in and out of the session they may come across as disingenuous (Sonja, 2011). While ACT requires the therapist to buy into the principles they are preaching, SFBT requires the therapist to assume that change is possible and even inevitable, given the nature of human existence. The therapist needs to hold genuine optimism about the possibility of recovery. An SFBT Therapist also uses language matching or language tracking as a means to building a solid therapeutic relationship. Language matching refers to when the therapist uses the client’s word for events and situations. If possible the  therapist should use words or phrases the client uses in every statement. It is argued that renaming something amounts to contradicting the clients, which may not be helpful in building relationships. Personal preference Both ACT and SFBT have strong and affective therapeutic intervention styles. In my opinion, it is ACT’s unique approach to psychological distress that stands out as the most powerful. The idea that part of being human involves times of psychological distress resonates strongly with my own set of ideas. Indeed trying to restrict unpleasant psychological experiences seems in some ways to be unnatural, and against what it is to be human. Helping people to live and function in the presence of distressing emotions seems a more worthwhile pursuit than attempting to eliminate or restrict unpleasant experiences. In modern society there is an obsession with the idea that people should be happy all the time and this creates a situation whereby people who do not feel happy feel bad about not being happy and thus compound their misery. The central idea of SFBT, that the therapeutic session should be centered on solutions rather than the problems is a clever tweak on the traditional approach to therapy. In my opinion, it makes sense to spend more time talking about what resources an individual might have and engaging in positive speak rather than talking at length about what is going wrong. Psychodynamic therapists have long said if you name an emotion in a session, then soon that emotion will appear, often accompanied by memories and experiences connected to it, therefore it stands to reason that if the problem is discussed at length this will be accompanied by the negative thoughts and emotions experienced with it, equally if the solution is discussed the thoughts and emotions may be more positive and foster hope. I feel that this technique could be easily amalgamated into other therapeutic frameworks. It would also be personally more enjoyable to the therapist to be discussing positive solutions, rather than spen ding all the time listening to problems. Conclusion Both ACT and SFBT offer a unique take of traditional psychotherapies. ACT helps individuals in achieving their chosen life goals even in the face of psychological distress and difficulties, while SFBT approaches psychological distress in a unique way by focusing less on the distress itself but rather the solutions and resources the individual has available to themselves. For Linda, ACT would entail some exposure of her fears of criticism, in order for her to achieve her goal of professional success, ACT would help her deal with the inevitable professional criticism which occurs in high pressure jobs. While SFBT would lessen Linda’s anxieties with solution focused talk, which in turn would mean that Linda could more affectively assess her personal resources and apply them to achieving her goals. References: Batten, Sonja V. (2011). Essentials of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Retrieved from http://www.eblib.com Corsini, Raymon., Wedding, Danny. (2014). Current Psychotherapies. United States of America: Brooks/Cole. Flaxman, Paul E.; Blackledge, J.T.; Bond, Frank W. (2010). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy : Distinctive Features. Retrieved from http://www.eblib.com Macdonald, Alasdair (2011). Solution-Focused Therapy : Theory, Research & Practice. Retrieved from http://www.eblib.com McKay, Matthew; Lev, Avigail; Skeen, Michelle (2012). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Interpersonal Problems : Using Mindfulness, Acceptance, and Schema Awareness to Change Interpersonal Behaviors. Retrieved from http://www.eblib.com Nelson-Jones, Richard. (2011). Counselling & Therapy. London: SAGE publications. Ratner, Harvey; George, Evan; Iveson, Chris (2012). Solution Focused Brief Therapy : 100 Key Points and Techniques. Retrieved from http://www.eblib.com

Academia and Text Matching Software Essay

Critically evaluate the use of text matching software as an aid to developing good scholarship practice Introduction Academic dishonesty such as plagiarism has been a major factor in education that has affected students’ success and academic achievements in recent years. Plagiarism according to Park (2003) is the act of appropriating or copying another person’s work and passing them on as one’s idea without acknowledging the original source. Park (2003) noted that plagiarism is a growing problem and has been a misuse of the writings of another author, their ideas, hypothesis, theories, research findings and interpretations. Furthermore studies by Chao, Wilhelm and Neureuther (2009) emphasised that the rising trend of plagiarism among students can be attributed to several factors such as academic literacy, language competence and the technological advancements in the world today in terms of high speed internet facility available in hostels and computer labs. These factors according to Chao, Wilhelm and Neureuther (2009) has enhanced the ability of students to plagiarise a whole assignment by obtaining papers on the internet relating to their assignments which is as easy as copying and pasting. Park (2003) stated that students have different perceptions towards plagiarism. He noted that students view plagiarism as a minor offence which is different from cheating in exams. He further discovered that plagiarism could be unintentional (ibid). This is because some students possess a mental illusion in which they believe they have produced something from their own perspective while infact they are reproducing something which they have read from another author. The purpose of this paper is to critically evaluate the effect of text matching software as an aid to developing good scholarship practice. This paper will begin by briefly describing what good scholarship practise is. In addition the use of text matching software for detecting good scholarship practice will be critically discussed and a conclusion will be made based on the evaluation. Good scholarship practice can be referred to as a formal study which involves academic learning and achievement. It involves acknowledging where information used to support ideas in a particular context is gotten and citing the sources (Locke and Latham, 2009). Britag and Mahmud (2009) pointed out that different strategies whichinclude the use of electronic software tools such as turnitin have been derived for detecting plagiarism with the intent of allowing students’ take responsibility of their learning and also work hand in hand with their tutors in the drafting stages of their assignments. According to Britag and Mahmud (2009) manual detection of plagiarism is difficult because it is time consuming and this is the reason why some tutors are reluctant in pursuing potential cases of plagiarism. However both the manual method of plagiarism detection and the electronic text matching method should be employed (Britag and Mahmud, 2009). Scaife (2007) argued that the electronic text matching software is not the solution to eliminating plagiarism because the software only focuses on text matching of paper under review with documents (journals, articles, e-books and conference papers) found on the internet or which has been previously submitted and this is a limitation because the only detection are focused on electronic materials without considering some non-electronic paper based documents which could still be plagiarised. Walker (2010) stated that with the development of text matching software such as the turnitin plagiarism detection was made easier, however he emphasised that the turnitin detection software is not 100 per cent efficient, it merely identifies and matches materials present in a document uploaded to turnitin website to materials available on the internet. Walker (2010) describes the electronic text matching software as a tool only suitable for detecting word for word or direct plagiarism in electronic form and the refined ones from the paper based sources are not easily detected. Moreover Carroll and Appleton (2001) argued that the turnitin is just an option for measuring plagiarism and that alone cannot be used as a basis for judging good scholarship practice. In addition Carroll and Appleton (2001) insist that the use of electronic software for detecting plagiarism requires human application and interpretation and that using turnitin alone as a medium for plagiarism detection is not proficient. According to Barrett and Malcolm (2006) the electronic text matching software (turnitin) only indicates possible plagiarism without any certainty, it is left to the tutor to determine the extent to which the writer has plagiarised or included some sources in the paper without acknowledging where they were acquired. In conclusion the concept of plagiarism cannot be overemphasised. It has become a factor that has affected good academic scholarship practice and has  created an avenue for educators to develop methods for detecting and dealing with plagiarism. The development of the electronic detection software such as the turnitin has enhanced the detection of plagiarism however it cannot be relied upon completely because it is not effective. In addition it is important to understand that the best way to detect plagiarism is to use both the manual method which involves educators and the use of electronic text matching software such as turnitin. Students could also be assisted in understanding the criteria for academic writing such as the code of conducts which requires them to acknowledge any source from where data is derived when writing academically. References Barrett, R. & Malcolm, J. (2006) ‘Embedding plagiarism education in the assessment process’, International Journal for Educational Integrity, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 38-45. Bretag, T. and Mahmud, S. (2009) ‘A model for determining student plagiarism: Electronic detection and academic judgement. ‘, Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 50-60. Chao, C. , Wilhelm, W. J. , Neureuther, B. D. (2009. ) ‘A Study of Electronic Detection and Pedagogical Approaches for Reducing Plagiarism’, The Delta Pi Epsilon Journal, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 31-42. Carroll, J. and Appleton, J. (2001), Plagiarism: A good practice guide, Oxford: Oxford Brookes University. Locke, E. A, Latham, G. P (2009) ‘Has Goal Setting Gone Wild, or Have Its Attackers Abandoned Good Scholarship? ‘, The Academy of Management Perspectives, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp.  17-23. Park, C. (2003). ‘In Other (People’s) Words: plagiarism by university students—literature and lessons’, Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 472-488. Scaife, B (2007) IT Consultancy Plagiarism Detection Software Report for JISC Advisory Service. [Online]. Retrieved from:www. plagiarismadvice. org/documents/resources/PDReview-Reportv1_5. pdf [Accessed 24th October 2012]. Walker, J. (2010) ‘Measuring plagiarism: researching what students do, not what they say they do’, Studies in Higher Education, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 41-59.

German Legal System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

German Legal System - Essay Example The move toward political unification in the 19th century was accompanied by a trend toward legal unification, particularly in commercial matters. In other areas of law, however, the prerogatives of each political entity still governed and only after the attainment of political unification under Prussian dominance in 1871 were a start made on drawing up German legal codes (Berle & Means, 2005). Moreover, the impact of Nazi ideology was greatest on the Criminal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure. This is because, the Code of Criminal Procedure was distorted almost beyond recognition by the activities of the Nazi-inspired People's Court, in which those convicted of crimes against the state were often sentenced to death (Berle & Means, 2005). The Law on the Reform of Civil Procedure was adopted on 27 July 2001 was the main issue within the Germany legal system in early 21st century. This reforms were designed to prepare the German judiciary for the 21st century against the background of scarce financial and personnel means, the overall goal of the reform law was to enhance efficiency and transparency by reducing the duration of civil proceedings while at the same time maintaining the high level of legal protection traditionally offered by German courts (Berle & Means, 2005). Yes there is room for improvement. The Law on the Reform of Civil Procedure can be strengthened on the issue the proceedings at first instance. The role of the first instance in general can be enlarged by limiting the standard of review at second instance (Berle & Means, 2005). Qn.2 My attitude to pre-contractual negotiations and discussions differ in 3 jurisdictions, in regard to legal responsibilities in each country (Australia, china and Germany) because the differences approaches applied pre-contractual negotiations and discussions can be explained by historical or cultural factors. This is because the laws relating to pre-contractual negotiations and discussions originate from specific historical or cultural factors of the country they are applicable. Qn.3 In Germany, a supervisory board not only has the power of supervising the board of directors and company operation, but also of supervising the financial affairs of the corporation and making business decisions to a certain extent (Berle & Means, 2005).The supervisory board has the duty of submitting their work reports to the supervisory board. In such a case, the supervisory board is not only the supervisory institution but also the decision-making institution of the corporation and has authority over the board of directors. In china, according to the Company Law, the shareholders' meeting has the authority of electing both directors and supervisors of a company whereby the boards are obliged to submit their reports to the shareholders' meeting for review and approval (Berle & Means, 2005). A supervisory board should have no less than three members and among them there should be a proper proportion of employee representatives. Unlike the German practice where the proportion of employee representatives is stipulated by law, the Chinese law leaves this to the articles of association of a company (Berle & Means, 2005). Australia should introduce supervisory board into its legal system. This is due to the fact that, in the modern global economy, competition exists not only in products but also in corporate governance systems. Therefore, reviewing Australia's current corporate

If you followed all the laws, would that make you a moral person Why Essay

If you followed all the laws, would that make you a moral person Why or why not - Essay Example The readings further offered the insight that under such circumstances it becomes the moral responsibility of citizens in the society to oppose such laws and disobey them. Therefore, as discerned from the core textbooks and outside research, I can discern that when an individual obeys all the laws in society, it does not make him a moral person. Obeying just laws, which are intended for the common good and well being of all the citizens, is the responsibility of every citizen in a country, as emphasized in the core reading and the journal articles I accessed during the research. These are intended to maintain peace and harmony within the society and to protect the weak from the strong. Similarly, laws also seek to prevent crimes, immorality and other evils within the society. Thus, citizens are bound to obey just laws for the prevalence of peace and harmony within the human society and when they break laws they become immoral people. On the other hand, the readings from the textbook chapters and other research materials I know that when unjust laws are enacted by rulers, such laws compromise the concept of common good. Thus, many political philosophers contend that unjust laws are no laws at all but â€Å"acts of violence† (George, 2008, p.194). Human history is replete with instances of exploitation of the weak by the ruling class through discrimination and other atrocities. The Nazi regime of Hitler sets a classic example of immoral rulers, who enacted discriminatory laws for the annihilation of particular races and it was considered as a breaking of law to â€Å"aid and comfort† members of these groups (Forji, 2010, p.156). The citizens of Germany, who had a moral responsibility to live in consonance with the tenets of â€Å"justice, and love for fellow man† failed to stand up to their moral responsibility, which led to the mass murder of millions and thus entailed the violation of common good (p.156). In this context, my readings provide me the

Business modelling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Business modelling - Essay Example It also helps in reducing clustered and excessive data in a given setting to a manageable amount. It helps one to select on the precise variables that can be used in the study of managing a business. Therefore, it will help in making decisions of the business (Yao and Li 2013). The variables in this technique helps in correcting certain mistakes that would otherwise been made in a normal business setting. For example, a business owner who thinks that extending business hours would certainly increase profits may re-think on this when they use the technique. This will go a long way in improving the business. Linear regression is normally used with variables that are represented linearly. This will limit this technique to only data that are linear and cannot work with non-linear problems. The variables that are dependent are normally in a continuous form or they are close to being continuous, that is, they are able to be represented by any value. This linearity between dependent and independent variables will not always be true since some relationships have a curved kind of representation. For example, the relationship between age and income is not linear, but curved. Income increases during early years of a person and slows down as the age of the person proceeds (Fearn 2011). Linear regression analyses the average in the relationship between independent and dependent variables. For example, when representing the relationship between the eating behavior of people and increase in their weight, this technique will represent the average weight of the food eaten with the change in their weight over time. This will not give a complete and clear description of the exact data that there is in a given situation hence there may be a misrepresentation of the data (Huang 2013). Linear regression is normally affected with variables that are on the extreme. These variables are known as outliers. They are

Policy on Refunds Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Policy on Refunds - Research Paper Example This should be balanced however with business pragmatism so that the number of refunds will not take its toll on the business bottom line. Before refunding the customer, the business should attempt to replace or repair the unit to keep the sale. If this is unavoidable, the following criteria should be met as a policy; 1. The unit broke down within the manufacturer’s warranty period. It should be established that the malfunction was due to normal use. A brief inquiry as to the circumstance why the unit broke down should be conducted by the frontliners. 2. In cases where customers’ merely had a change of heart with regard to the purchase, there will no refund. If the products are faulty, we will meet our obligations under the Consumer Guarantees Act to provide a remedy. To save the sale, a replacement with an extended warranty can be offered to the customer. 3. The business should not bear the cost for the faulty unit as we are mere dealers. All cost with units that has been refunded due to manufacturer’s defect and within warranty should be passed on to the supplier for refund. B. If the business is in the service sector, prepare a policy on how you will charge your clients. Ensure that the policy complies with all relevant legislation and provides for a clear explanation of the service being offered. Include the terms and conditions that will apply to estimates and quotes and make provision for some system of arbitration in case of a dispute. To keep customer’s goodwill and establish a â€Å"service leader† image among our customers, units which are faulty that are within the manufacturer’s warranty should be replaced without cost and inconvenience to the customers. The business however should be careful that the manufacturer’s criteria for replacement are strictly met so that we can pass the cost to them. For units that malfunctioned beyond the manufacturer’s warranty period, could be repaired by our service business unit at a discount to encourage customer retention and cultivate customer goodwill. This will also incre ase our bottom line as the company can still make business for an after sales support that is not covered by the manufacturer. As much as possible, we will avoid absorbing the costs due to refunds as this will burden our expenditures and undermine our competitiveness. It has to be understood that at this point in time, the business is still in its introductory phase and it will be unwise to jack up prices to factor in costs associated with refunds. The business is still in the process of penetrating the market and it has direct competitors with the same product and as such, pricing should be kept to be competitive to remain viable in the industry. C. A breakdown of all the costs that you will incur in acquiring or manufacturing your products or developing your services up to the point of sale (you may, if you wish, focus on one product or service). The costs should be inclusive, including all materials, labour, administration, insurances, rental, electricity, promotion and other exp enses. The nature of the business is retail so the manufacturing overheads will not reflect in our financial statements. Freight and delivery should be shouldered by the supplier also. Our overhead will mainly focus on the operation of the product distribution and upkeep of the outlet

Astronmy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Astronmy - Essay Example The planets appear to be varying in brightness since they are not always at the same distance from the earth Earth centered universe was proposed by ancient Greek philosophers, Aristotle and Ptolemy. All heavenly bodies are attached to 56 concentric spheres which rotate around the Earth. In their superseded theory of geocentric model, they assumed that earth is at the centre of universe and all planets and stars like sun revolves around the earth. The Greeks were also believed that the motion of the planets were circular and not elliptical. They also believed that the stars were circling around the poles and the stars near the equator rising and setting each day and circling back to their rising point. Polish astronomer Nicolas Copernicus was the first who put forward the sun centered universe theory which is known as heliocentric theory in the 1514. This theory assumes sun at the centre of the universe and all other planets revolving around it except moon. He was successful in predicting the earth’s third place in the solar system. He also believed that the shape of the orbit in which the planets revolving around the sun is not exactly circular. â€Å"Sometimes Mars went forward, other times it slowed down or went backwards. If the planets all revolved around the Earth, why didnt Mars orbit in a uniform way?† (Dean Regas) This idea actually questioned the authenticity of earth centered universe model and encouraged Copernicus to formulate his famous heliocentric theory. Earth centered universe concept was an ancient theory formulated mainly by some Greek philosophers like Aristotle, Ptolemy, Plato etc. Observations seem to reinforce this view. The Sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Stars in the north spin counterclockwise around the North Star. And the Earth appears to be the only thing that doesnt move. (Dean Regas) They argued that if the earth did move, then one

Managers & Organisations - Reflective Portfolio Assignment

Managers & Organisations - Reflective Portfolio - Assignment Example The objectives of this paper is to generate a clear understanding on critical issues an individual can face while performing those tasks. In addition, the paper also provides an insight about how to deal with the problems regarding management of clients, inventory and staffs. Summarising Learning Reflection During the work tenure in my profession, I had confronted with several issues which helped me to gain valuable experience. I had showed good performance on maintaining coordination with staffs along with other stakeholders in the company. My knowledge and expertise had helped me to deal with the clients and to manage other operations such as supervision, monitoring and analysis of documents among others. I always endeavour to provide rapid response to any kind of problems within the organisation so that it does not turn out to be much worse. I possess two major characteristics which influence my decision making which are activist and quick learning ability. The major gaps I had id entified during reflection were ineffective planning and communication. Due to this gap, I often faced difficulties in managing the clients and the staffs. Above all, I am a reflector in learning and can put theory and idea into practice and I always pursued for learning new things in my professional life. Reflection on Practices Scenario 1 The first workplace scenario of my work experience is related to management of client. In any business organisation, it is significant to manage the clients effectively. Client management is concerned with appealing to new clients as well as retaining the existing clients of the company. It is critical for every manager to maintain good associations with clients so that they... During the work tenure in my profession, I had confronted with several issues which helped me to gain valuable experience. I had showed good performance on maintaining coordination with staffs along with other stakeholders in the company. My knowledge and expertise had helped me to deal with the clients and to manage other operations such as supervision, monitoring and analysis of documents among others. I always endeavour to provide rapid response to any kind of problems within the organisation so that it does not turn out to be much worse. I possess two major characteristics which influence my decision making which are activist and quick learning ability. The major gaps I had identified during reflection were ineffective planning and communication. Due to this gap, I often faced difficulties in managing the clients and the staffs. Above all, I am a reflector in learning and can put theory and idea into practice and I always pursued for learning new things in my professional life. S cenario 1The first workplace scenario of my work experience is related to management of client. In any business organisation, it is significant to manage the clients effectively. Client management is concerned with appealing to new clients as well as retaining the existing clients of the company. It is critical for every manager to maintain good associations with clients so that they conduct business with the company regularly and for the long run. In present days competitive business environment, losing a valuable client can cost heavily on profitability.

Minorities in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Minorities in the UK - Essay Example However, there are several factors which seem incomplete in the overall claim on the part of the locals. The first one is that the identity of C is known which does not violate the same point in the Act. In this vein, 187B of the 1990 Town and Country Planning Act Part 3 states: Rules of court may provide for such an injunction to be issued against a person whose identity is unknown.1 This is why the local authority made a huge mistake at imposing an illegal breach of planning toward the identified person in keeping strictly with the law. On the other hand, the fact that C bought that piece of land is more than just weighty. She must get through a host of different executive bodies to make it her private property. Thus, if the local authority disregards the fact of purchasing land, then it disregards and sincerely blames the work of officials responsible for selling land to C. All in all, it is a provoking point addressed to the overall executive branch of power. It also does harm to the democratic freedoms proclaimed and shared by the British government. As a result, it is a serious violation of the law. Regardless of the fact that C is of Roma decent, she is an owner. By and large, there is a universal norm on justifying the gist of private property and rights of individuals, namely: â€Å"Property rights† is an index of the degree to which the government enforces laws that protect private property.2 Thus, the eviction is not permissible. To say more, the case is all about some discriminatory nature nurtured highly on the part of the local authority. C wants to station her caravans in order to provide her children with suffice healthcare and education which is within easy reach. This is the next hallmark of the discussion. Once again, here is the fact of straight-forward discrimination toward Roma people in the UK. In this respect the High Court should take it into account since it would be a blame for EU and the UK, in particular. Equality in rights i s needed to keep the social equilibrium. However, it is a case for EU, as the British government lobbied on issues concerned with equal access to education, employment and housing for Roma people.3 This is why the case of C should be considered in terms of international commission on the human rights and the right for housing, in particular. What is more, the fact that C could buy the piece of the land in the London Green Belt makes it possible to suppose that she has a host of other rights. According to the ECSR and the Committee on Human Rights in Europe, the right to housing permits the exercise of many other rights – civil and political as well as economic, social and cultural rights.4 Hereby, C is eligible in taking her part while solving the issue of stationing her caravans near the local school and healthcare facilities. Roma people and other indigenous ethnical groups living in the UK are also protected by the OSCE conventions on their sustainable integration.5 Hence, it is another standpoint to think of by the High Court while considering the merits of the case. Along with the undeniable fact of purchasing and owning the land, C is allowed to share the rest of the amenities as declared by the Council of Europe’s Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities which the UK belongs to.6 Thus, the UK government cannot disregard a set of obligations based on the international

Assessment and Evaluation in aviation learning Essay

Assessment and Evaluation in aviation learning - Essay Example It is widely cited that advancements in technologies have been accompanied by wider research and application of education programs. The claim is a connotation that emphasizes how the effectiveness of these education research models may have gone beyond reproach. This paper carries out a critical evaluation of the claim and its implications on the development of aviation training. It explores the applicability of the ISD model components, focusing on assessment and evaluation as applied in aviation training. While cross examining the use of evaluation and assessment in aviation training, it will be of significant importance to understand ISD and its applicability in the learning process, as well as how its components are interlinked to yield a well structured model. An Instruction design model is a process traditionally utilized by developers of instructions and designers trainers to represent flexible and dynamic guidelines necessary for an effective performance and training for supp ort tools. The ISD model is composed of five phases (Rothwell & Kazanas, 2008). These include design, analysis, implementation, development, and evaluation. Analysis Analysis is the phase in which classification of the instructional problem is implemented. Additionally, it entails the establishment of objectives and goals, as well as identification of the learners existing skills and environment. Design Design phase specifically deals with objectives of the learning process, content, exercise, lesson planning, objectives and assessment criteria, as well as media selection. This phase should be specific and systematic. Development It is the phase in which developers and instructional designers assemble and create content assets blueprinted. In addition, graphics, content and storyboard are made in this phase. Programmers are involved in developing and integrating technology for the learners. Implementation At this stage, procedure used in facilitator’s training is developed. T he training must cover the learning outcomes, testing procedure and method of delivery, as well as Evaluation. Evaluation phase has two parts: summative and formative. The Formative evaluation processes are presented in each ADDIE stages. Summative evaluation, on the other hand, consists of tests that are designed for specific criterion-related item, and provides feedback opportunities identified by the users. Most instruction design models that are currently in use spanned off from ADDIE instruction design model (Rothwell & Kazanas, 2008). These include the dick and Carey and Kemp instructional system design models. The use of photo typing is one such improvement of the model. It involves receiving formative or continual feedback while creating the instructional materials. The model helps in saving time and money i.e. capturing problems when not yet fixed. The figure below shows the ADDIE model. The Jerold Kemp instructional design model and method defines nine components of the in structional design while adopting a continuous evaluation or implementation model (Jerrold, 1977). Jerold Kemp takes a wider view. This model adopts an oval shape that conveys the development and design of continuous cycles that require constant designing, assessment and development. This ensures that the instructions are well

Mary Shelley vs. Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Mary Shelley vs. Frankenstein Essay In the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, the author relates her life to the events that happened in the book. Certain events in her life led her to write the horror story that eerie, rainy night at Lord Byrons mansion in London. Mary Shelley experienced many tragedies and losses. Writing a novel like Frankenstein was her way of mourning and dealing with her grief. Her environment also had an effect on her for it inspired her to write the way she did, why she did, and why she wrote it in the first place. Mary Shelley had a desire, a wish, a craving for something she hasnt experienced and probably never will motherhood. Writing Frankenstein made her feel the power of creation and that she can take care of others. She spreads the lesson that if we dont take care of something that needs that attention, it can lead to things we dont like. From the beginning, it was a failure. When Mary Shelley was born, her mother, Mary Wollestonecraft the well-known woman who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman died during labor. Mary Shelley never really had a mother figure around. Her father, William Godwin, on the other hand, was always busy with business and writings that all she would do is sit around whenever her father had meetings with his fellow writers. Mary Shelley grew up in the dawn of the British Industrial Age. Britain was one of the first nations to industrialize. It was a time for the advance in technology and new things. This era could have had an effect on Mary Shelley by influencing her to use electricity and water to create the monster that Frankenstein created. It wasnt only technology that was affected during the Industrial Revolution. Social patterns started changing too. The population boomed and new social classes appeared. There were gaps between levels of society and the upper class usually looked down on everyone else. Reading Wollenstonecrafts Maria and The Rights of Woman, Godwins Memoirs of her mother or his Political Justice, undoubtedly provided intellectual justification for Mary Shelleys defiance of social values. 1 Mary Shelley was surrounded by workers for reforms, philosophers, a changing social climate, and even the feminist movements that her own mother started, and this caused her to write the social gaps between characters in her novel, Frankenstein. Women werent allowed to write before either. Her mother and other feminists who worked to be as equal as the men in society had influenced her and made her try to show the world that she, too, like any other men, can write a good novel. Mary Shelley ran away with a married man, Percy B. Shelley, to France when she was only 19 years old. Percy B. Shelley was one of her fathers friends and doing this caused her father to refuse to communicate with her for the next two and a half years. She traveled all around Europe, seeing many people and things. Percy B. Shelley impregnated her, and there was times that he left her all alone since had business to do. Mary Shelley wrote many journals. She was excited to have a baby. In February of 1815, she finally gave birth to her first child, Clara. She was two months premature and soon died early the following month. Later on after that, Mary Shelley kept attempting to have children but they kept dying. She longed to be a mother but all her attempts failed. She became depressed because of this. One summer night in 1816, Mary Shelley and many other philosophers and writers came to Lord Byrons house in London. They couldnt go outside because of the heavy rain so Lord Byron decided to have a contest on who can write the best horror story. Later that night, Mary Shelley had a dream. She wrote in her journal, I saw the pale student of unhallowed arts kneeling beside the thing he had put together. I saw the hideous phantasm of a man stretched out, then, on the working of some powerful engine, show signs of life His success would terrify the artist; he would rush away hope that this thing would subside into dead matter he opens his eyes; behold the horrid thing stands at his bedside, opening his curtains 2 This of course, is the main concept of her novel which she called, Frankenstein. There are many events in Frankenstein that are related to Mary Shelleys own life. For example, she named the first child to die in the novel William. Mary Shelley had a son who died from malaria when he was only three years old. His name was also William. Coincidence? Maybe. But there were more of these relations. During inclement weather on a family vacation, Frankenstein happens upon the writings of Cornelius Agrippa, and is immediately fired with the longing to penetrate the secrets of life and death. Similarly it was during a wet, ungenial summer in Switzerland that Mary, Shelley, Byron and several others picked up a volume of ghost stories and decided to write [ ]3 It took Victor Frankenstein a while and first researched about how to create a life. He gathered many materials and received information from many of his professors. His mother was dying and he couldnt accept the fact that one day life just passes someone by. He wanted to create life and this was what Mary Shelley desired also. She had suffered many losses and tragedies; first and foremost she lost her mother, then all those babies she lost. She wanted to create life also play God. Mary Shelley had radical views and strict outlooks on society. She saw that leaving a person alone just because they were different was wrong. Mary Shelley was a caring person and she wanted to show love to all. When she eloped with Percy B. Shelley, she was misunderstood and became an outcast for she was seen as one of those. She understood how the monster in her novel felt and she could relate a lot to it. The monster in the novel says that all he wanted was some love and he would have been better. It seemed as if Mary Shelley spoke through the monster in the novel. Frankenstein, in other words, can be read as the story of the experience of writing Frankenstein. What is at stake in Marys introduction as well as in the novel is the description of a primal sense of creation. 4 Writing Frankenstein was more like writing an autobiography of Mary Shelleys life. She put so many evens in her life into the novel that it could have been her own life story, except that she made it more interesting and more horrific. She expressed her grief and pain through the words of the novel. Citations Page 1. Poovey, Mary. My Hideous Progeny: The Lady and the Monster. Page 81 2. http://www. kimwoodbirdge. com/maryshel/summer. shtml 3. Johnson, Barbara. My Monster / My Self. Page 62 4. Johnson, Barbara. My Monster / My Self. Page 63Â   Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Effects of Raising Interest Rates on Inflation

Effects of Raising Interest Rates on Inflation What causes inflation? How is inflation bad for the economy? How can raising interest rate lower inflation? (1000) Introduction Inflation is defined as continuing rise in the general level of prices, such that it costs more to purchase a typical bundle of goods and services that is produced or consumed or both. In simple words, inflation leads to a decline in the real value of money. Sloman (2006) explains that the rate of inflation measures the annual percentage increase in prices. Consumer Price Index (CPI), which is published every month, is used to measure the rate of change in consumer prices. Undoubtedly, inflation is an undesirable condition for an economy. Prior to discussing the consequences of inflation in the economy, it is important to understand the causes of inflation. Inflation may be caused by demand side factors or supply side factors. As it can be seen from the above diagram in the case of demand pull inflation the AD curve shifts to the right because of an increase in demand which leads to an increase in output. Thus it is associated with a booming economy. The suppliers will only be willing to supply more at a higher price therefore increase the level of price. Whilst in the case of cost push inflation, there is an increase in price as a result in an increase in the cost of production independent of aggregate demand. This may occur as a result of increase in wages, or it might be that import price has increased irrespective of an increase in demand. There might be an increase in the level of taxes as well. Therefore any factor which contributes to an increase in the cost of production which leads to a rise in inflation causes cost push inflation. As a result of which there is a shift in the AS curve to the left. The suppliers will not bear the increased cost of production and instead will shift the price to the consumers by increasing prices and as a result fuelling inflation. Amongst several harmful effects highlighted Gwartney et. al (2000) argued that inflation distorted the information delivered by prices. They further stated that people responded to high and variable rates of inflation by spending less time producing and more time trying to protect themselves from inflation. Furthermore, inflation results in increased uncertainty which reduces the level of investment. A reduced level of investment would hamper economic growth, which further restricts people having a better standard of living and may also lead to unemployment. Further criticisms are that inflation redistributes income away from those on fixed incomes and those in a weak bargaining position to those who can use their economic power to gain large pay, rent or profit increases. Higher levels of inflation also worsens balance of payments position, a higher rate of inflation makes a country’s export less competitive in world markets and imports become cheaper and more attractive. Bes ides, extra resources are used to cope with the effects of inflation. Increasing interest rates has been one of the solutions offered to combat increasing level of inflation. Inflation has for long been considered a monetary phenomenon and economists believe that inflation can best be tackled by adopting the monetary policy approach. The UK economy recently has been a good example of such measure. Inflation was 3.79% well above the 2% target and after the increase in interest rate in the past months to 5.5% and also an anticipated increase in interest rate has led the inflation rate to fall to 2.8% in April (Website: BBC). In the UK Bank of England sets the interest rates which controls the money supply and in turn controls inflation as well. The UK government follows a target and instrument approach to keep inflation under control. Increasing interest rates with a view to controlling inflation works in a manner that it reduces the money supply. People have an incentive to save rather than spend, therefore controlling the increasing rise in prices. Thi s measure is a useful approach though the government should be careful to not continuously raise interest rates and curb spending because it would then adversely affect aggregate demand thereby slowing economic growth. Besides interest rates, the government could also opt for fiscal policy measures by increasing level of taxes or may be reducing government spending and in that manner controlling supply of money, To tackle cost-push inflation, government could provide tax relief or provide subsidies to firms so that the cost of production reduces which could lead to the producers maintaining the level of prices rather than increasing them. Some economists have also stated that costs of inflation may be mild if the inflation is kept in single figures. Conclusion From the preceding paragraphs it can be said that increased level of inflation is not a desirable situation for an economy. However, a certain level of inflation is required in the economy to incentivise producers to produce more and better variety of goods and services. Inflation poses to be a problem when the level of increased prices dampens exports, reduces the competitiveness of a country and starts affecting the economic growth of the country by creating uncertainty and therefore leading to reduced level of investments. However, fiscal and monetary policy measures can be taken to control the increasing level of inflation. Increasing interest rates, leads to a restricted flow of money supply, resulting in reduced level of spending, saving more, demanding less of goods and services and therefore leading to a slower increase in price levels. Fiscal policy measures could also be used to combat inflation. More importantly for an economy to grow reducing levels of inflation is an imp ortant macroeconomic objective. In conclusion it can be said inflation can be adversely affect levels of economic growth if allowed to go out of hand and increasing interest rates is undoubtedly one of the ways, though not the only way, to tackle inflation. BIBLIOGRAPHY Dornbusch, R., Fisher, S., Macroeconomics, (2000), Eighth Edition, Mc-Graw Hill Education Griffiths, A. and Wall, S., Applied Economics, (2001), Ninth edition, FT Prentice Hall Gwartney, James D., Stroup, Richard L., and Sobel, Russell S., Economics Private and Public Choice, (2000), Ninth Edition, The Dryden Press. Sloman, J., Essentials of Economics, (2004), Third edition, FT Prentice Hall Howells, P and Bain, K, The Economics of Money, Banking and Finance, (2002), Prentice Hall Journals and Articles Carlstrom, Charles., Money Growth and Inflation: Does Fiscal Policy matter?, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, April 15, 1999 Internet and Other Sources: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6656899.stm

Malaysian Airlines System analysis

Malaysian Airlines System analysis Founded in 1947 as Malayan Airways, later renamed to Malaysian Airways System (MAS) in 1963 with the formation of Federal Malaysia, is the national flag carrier of Malaysia. With the largest and the youngest fleet size of South East Asia, MAS flies to some 100 destinations across the globe from its primary hub at Kuala Lumpur and the secondary at Kota Kinabalu whilst Kula Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) is its main base. MAS is internationally recognised as a five-star carrier. Along with air travelling, MAS is engaged in other related businesses such as airfreight (cargo) and airline catering. This document summarises how the current business model and IT infrastructure has led MAS to its apparent success. Current Business Model Having suffered a loss of RM1.3 billion(b) in 2005, MAS, under the CEOship of Idris Jala, announced a Business Turnaround Plan (BTP) that consists of two phases, BTP1 and BTP2. BTP1, created using Government-Linked Companies Transformation manual as a guide, successfully helped MAS cut losses from a forecasted RM1.7b to RM600 million(m). BTP1 focused on creating yield and cut costs while MAS got rid of non-core assets (MAS, 2006). By selling its main building at KL, reducing its staff size and closing non-profitable routes MAS generated a record profit of RM850m in 2007 (OFB, 2009). Further, BTP1 has helped MAS to increase its customer base by introducing Everyday Low Fares (ELF). ELF offers discounts to 30% of unsold seats on the day of travel (MAS, 2009). BTP1s strategies towards fuel management helped MAS to reduce fuel surcharge from 50-70% on domestic flights. MAS is currently at the second phase of BTP (BTP2). Its main focus is to maintain its 5-star name achieved under BTP1 (MAS 2008). BTP2, launched in the first quarter of 2008 with a focus to maintain a lower cost-structure, has the following goals. [here goes the goals]. Under BTP2, MAS generated a profit of RM180m in 2008, which is a 70% decrease compared to previous years profit (OFB, 2009). In 2009, MAS reported a profit of. However, up until the third quarter of 2010, MAS is experiencing losses (OFB2010). Although 2010 is an unprofitable year for MAS, BTP (BTP1 and BTP2) is a remarkable business plan. It has helped MAS to stay strong and competitive in a situation when fuel, operating and maintenance costs ever increasing. MASs inability to generate profit in 2010 could be related to MAS purchasing new aircrafts. Optimistically argued could be that these are new investments and its return is expected to be observed in the following years. The new aircrafts would help MAS considerably save costs on fuel since these aircrafts have a 17% lower fuel-consumption rate than the existing aircrafts (MAS, 2010). Furthermore, new aircrafts is also a boost to the cargo business. Aircrafts with greater capacity indicates possibility of increasing customer base that would in turn fuel profit generation. Among the ordered aircrafts, some are specifically focused on increasing airfreight business (MASKargo, 2010). Another point that expresses the strength of BTP is establishing new routes to destinations with more likely travellers. As mentioned earlier, a number of unprofitable routes were closed under BTP1. Closing itineraries involve high closure cost sustained due to cutting short agreements and other similar issues. However, the new routes would have its long-term benefits; closure cost would be far less than the profits the new routes would generate. For example, there is an increased number of Middle Eastern travelling to Malaysia. Further, the Malaysia-China routes are with high potential. Under BTP2, MAS has introduced new routes to China and Middle East and is still increasing; a new route to Riyadh starts on December 2010 (MAS, 2010). Additionally, ELF is an incontestable strategy since MAS brand is well known and tendency to choose MAS for a slightly higher price than the LCCs for its excellent services is justifiable. Further, selling of MAS building at KL is another decision that might have enabled MAS to close aforementioned unprofitable itineraries. While MAS was facing losses, the money generated from this sale was available to manage such actions. Additionally, BTP emphasised on maintaining some of its other core businesses. For example, catering to airlines and maintenance services are two potential businesses that would generate profit. Further, KLIA express and transit from KLSentral to KLIA was not closed for this is marked as another profitable business (OFB, 2009). IT Infrastructure The discussion hitherto was about BTPs strengths in non-IT, though indirectly related, areas. However, the fact remains that established IT infrastructure under BTP played a vital role to emerge from the losses MAS was facing. Under BTP, to cope with the changes, MAS underwent from several physical-network enhancements to virtual infrastructure enhancements. As per physical-network improvements, MAS sought the assistance of Nortel- a leading network hardware vendor. MAS purchased Nortels gigabit-switching platforms that support real-time business communication via voice and video (Nortel, 2008). Virtual solutions adopted include Sabres AirVision Revenue Manager (ARM) (Sabre, 2009) and SITAs Reservation Management System (RMS) (SITA, 2008). To improve inter-office communications, MAS employed Avayas Contact Centre Solution (MAS, 2010). As part of MASs Internet enhancement program, it sought Akami to power its main website (Akami, 2009). Further, MAS is seeking IT consultation from Tata Consultancy Services (EI, 2010). All the above-mentioned decisions made by MAS under BTP are interesting and justifiable. Firstly, under a turnaround plan like BTP, which is primarily focused on reviving profitability, it is believable that if the asking requirements were available, cost would come above all. Hence, the preference of Nortel equipments to those by more famous Cisco and HP is justified. Nortel offers 50% cost saving on its product compared to Cisco or other vendors (Info-Tech, 2008). Secondly, although Sabre and SITA provide expensive solutions, the two are renowned in airline industry for providing excellent solutions. Errors in areas such as scheduling and reservation in airlines is unbearable for one slight error could be fatal. Hence, the importance to choose experience over cost in this situation is logical. Selection of Sabre and SITA for that matter is justified. The benefits MAS achieved by Sabres and SITAs solutions were vast. ARM provided business rules automation, automatic ticket pricing based on customer behaviour and competitors pricing, financial evaluation and inventory controlling (Sabre, 2010). Features of SITAs RMS include online reservations, automatic flight scheduling, individual and group booking and customer profiling (SITA, 2010). It could be observed that features of these two systems combined allow automation of almost all the tasks that was done manually. Although MAS utilised KOMMA to do these tasks, it did not have intelligence to forecast or schedule on its own (MAS, 2007). Adopting these solutions could be one of the ways MAS managed to decrease its staff. Moreover, adopting the solutions at an earlier stage of BTP allowed MAS to efficiently forecast into the future and refine the BTP. Introduction of reservation management allowed MAS to introduce e-ticketing. This eliminated its customers to be physically present in one of its offices to book or purchase tickets. Further, it allowed customers to check-in online, check flight schedules and status. Introducing web-based services increased MASs website traffic. One of Akamis solution uploading mirror sites helped MAS to boost website performance and management (Akami, 2009). Mirror sites mean that customers would be accessing a MASs site hosted at a location nearer to the customers location. This mirror would be faster for the customer since it is nearer to the customer. Moreover, mirroring allows load balancing since customers would be literally accessing different websites although linked. SITAs integration platform allowed integration of ARM, RMS and the website (MAS, 2008). SITA has additionally provided MAS with an iPad-based kiosk for reservations and checking-in (SITA, 2010). Certainly, iPad is cheaper than a physical kiosk and hence MAS could now cut costs on the bulky kiosks. The only downfall of the combined solutions seems to be that there is no apparent feature for cargo management. Moreover, introduction of Avaya to its IT applications allowed efficient communication throughout MASs offices located locally and globally. Avayas features include web-based, virtual meetings, presentations and workflow management (Avaya, 2010). Apart from this, MAS signing contracts with Tata consultation indicates that it would be receiving up-to-date IT enhancements and hence would help to stay competitive in the industry. Conclusion In conclusion, it could be said that BTP was a success. Business decisions made under BTP were mostly successful. Implemented IT infrastructure only needs slight improvements such as integration of cargo management. BTP has enabled its website to be its main distribution channel while secondary channels include kiosks based on international airports. Beneficially for MAS, it is the only organisation in the industry with iPad-based kiosks. This is an innovation as well as a cost saver. Overall, BTP and the improved IT infrastructure have transformed MAS from a suffering business to one of the strongest competitor in the industry.

Stream of Consciousness in Faulkner’s Absolam, Absolam! :: Faulkner’s Absalom, Absalom! Essays

Stream of Consciousness in Faulkner’s Absolam, Absolam! While I was reading Absolam, Absolam! I was reminded once again of Faulkner’s particular writing style of stream of consciousness. The book itself is laid out very confusing having multiple narrators depicting incidents of the past, a recurrent theme of Faulkner’s identifying man’s connection to his past. The first narrator of Absolam, Absolam is Rosa, the sister in law of Thomas Sutpen. She describes Sutpen with so much hatred that he almost takes form of a monster, which is incapable of feelings. Interestingly, Rosa is telling her story to Quentin Compson, the second narrator from The Sound and the Fury, who later as we know commits suicide. At the end of the first chapter, I was left with many pieces of what seem to be the tragic story of Thomas Sutpen, a man who mysteriously shows up in Jefferson, Mississippi buys one hundred acres of land and turns it into a plantation. We also know that he becomes married to Ellen who is twenty-four years older than her you nger sister Rosa. The final image of Sutpen given by Rosa is that some black man kills him on his plantation. Rosa also asks Quentin to come with her to the old Sutpen mansion, because she thinks someone is hiding out there. Continuing with his stream of consciousness technique, Faulkner has Mr. Compson tell the next few chapters through his memories of Thomas Sutpen. Sutpen was in the Cival War with General Compson, and as the stories have been passed down to Mr. Compson, he is passing the story now to Quentin. In Mr. Copsons version, I learned of Sutpens marriage disaster, his immediate family,his illegitimate child with a slave, and a previous marriage to a woman who was 1/8 black, who bears Sutpen a son, which is his dream, but also his downfall. He also explains, how Charles Bon, Sutpen’s abandoned 1/8 negro child comes home with Henry Sutpen from college. Later he is killed by Henry, which is not fully explained yet. I think, that there may be a connection between Sutpen’s hatred of non-whites, and the effects they have on his son, Henry.

Vegetarian Essay -- Healthy Lifestyle Essay

Vegetarians Growth problems. Animal population problems. Disease. These are all problems caused by being a vegetarian, that is, one who only eats vegetables. There are different degrees of being a vegetarian. To one extreme, is a person who eats nothing associated with animals (no yogurt, ice-cream, or even anything that has come in contact with meat or another animal). The opposite are those who just eat vegan most of the time and will still eat animal bi-products. Then there are others who are in between. Being a vegetarian is not natural. Since the beginning of time, humans have been consuming animals. A vegetarians diet lacks energy, calcium, zinc, and vitamins (B-12 and D). Without supplements, severe medical problems can arise. Also, those supplements are usually man made and do not require some of substances, still un-identified, in meat. A carnivorous diet has always been in American history. Turkey is eaten on Thanksgiving, not Tofu Surprise. Fish on Fridays, not salad. Pop and son would go hunting in the winter for fresh game to eat, they wouldn’t go picking berries and roots. Those who could not or would not eat meat did not survive. Studies have been done by M. J. Lentze, a German who found that vegetarianism causes impaired growth in children five years or younger. Vegan children even fail to grow as well with supplements that exceed the Recommended Daily Allowance. It is true that many vegetables contain a high amount of protein...

Communication Skills :: Communication, Effective Communication

Communication can be defined as the transmission of a message from a sender to a receiver in an understandable manner (Sanchez, N, 2009). An example of communication in healthcare is between clinical professionals and staff, patients and their relatives or carers, professionals doctors, occupational therapists, social workers, midwives, physiotherapists and administration staff (Darley, 2002). For their communication to be effective, each of them needs to put the responsibility for clear communication on himself (Healthcare Benchmarks & Quality Improvement 2009) which means that each of them should endeavour to send clear messages and to receive messages with as little distortion as possible (Mind Tools Ltd, 2009). The NHS believes that effective communication is essential for high quality service and care, and to avoid communication breakdown complaints and problems (Hamilton Mercer, 2009) such as ill informed patients, worried relatives and bad publicity Darley (2002). To avoid communication breakdown, the HPC requires radiographers to be able to use appropriate verbal and non-verbal communication and to use an appropriate interpreter if necessary when communicating with service users and others (Health Professions Council’s (HPC) Standards of Proficiency - Radiographers, 2008). Minardi and Riley (1997) state that it is very important to recognise the communication skills that may improve effectiveness. Verbal and non-verbal communication are the main forms of communication (Cant and Aroni, 2008). Verbal communication is subdivided into the vocal category which includes spoken language, and the non-vocal category which includes written communication and communication conveyed through sign language or Braille (Communication and Language). The HPC requires Radiographers to be able to communicate information, advice, instruction and professional opinion in English (HPC’s Standards of Proficiency - Radiographers, 2008) since it is the main language in the United Kingdom (Mandy Barrow, 2009). For example, when performing an examination, they need to give clear instructions by explaining what they are doing and why they are doing it (Bach and Grant, 2009). If the receiver does not understand English, a good interpreter is needed to avoid misunderstanding. The receiver may also not understand the examiner’s professional language and as Minardi and Riley (1997) point out, the professional should explain technical terms in order to be understood. Written communication is the ability to write effectively in a range of circumstances and for different audiences and purposes, in good English (The University of Sydney, 2009) using memorandums, reports, bulletins, job descriptions, employee manuals, electronic mail (e-mail) letters, telegrams, faxes, contracts, advertisements, brochures or news releases (Reference for business, 2010).

Effects of Bulliying

Effects of Bullying Have you ever heard about bullying? Do you know people can die because of that? Every year sad stories about people and kids affected by bullying is more common that people think. Statistics show that about two in four kids in the U. S. are bullied on a regular basis. Bullying is a form of aggressive behavior manifested by the use of force to affect others particularly when the behavior is habitual and involves an imbalance of power. Bullying can affect everyone, those who are bullied, those who bully, and those who witness bullying.Nowadays this event is more common in schools. Effects when kids; students, bully others can lead to serious, even deadly, consequences. These effects are withdrawn from society, lose of self-esteem, and try to escape from the situation. Students who are bullied tend to withdraw from society since they start feeling rejected from people. Also, they often stop communicating with parents and friends because they think that no one can hel p them. They normally want to hide this embarrassing situation, which can lead to lying; it’s a way to ignore the problem and try not to think about it.As a result, most of the times they want to be alone. Students can start to feel insecure about themselves. They start losing self-esteem and begin questioning their own personalities. Students start thinking that maybe they deserve this bad treatment. Therefore, they begin to do badly in schools and lower their grades because they may start focusing only in the bully and avoid all around them, like hide and don’t attend to class. Also, their outlook of life may become darker and darker as the bullying continues.As a result, their expectations for life become very poorly. If teens have become damaged by bullying, they may do almost anything to get out of the situation. They may try to escape from their painful reality by engaging in dangerous activities. In that way, they try to feel that they have the control of their pain or they are trying to learn how to control it and start feeling that the bully can’t hurt them again. They also might think about a plan of revenge because they want to transmit the angry and pain that they feel to the bully.But, in the worse cases, students can’t find a way out of their problems and they might start hurting themselves, even committing suicide. When students are victims of bullying there is a strong chance that they will suffer many negative consequences. They start to not communicate with anyone, they always want to be alone, even don’t go to school, and their grades become affected. Consequently, in the worse cases, they commit suicide because of their frustration. They don’t see a way to escape of the bullying.In my opinion, in order to ensure a stable, mature and healthy society, parents need to take a harder look at this negative behavior that hurts not only the bullied student and the bully, but also the family and the society as a whole. References: Bullying. â€Å"Wikipedia†. The free encyclopedia. 08 April 2012. Web. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Bullying Bullying Statistic. â€Å"Wikipedia†. The free encyclopedia. 06 April 2012. Web. http://www. bullyingstatistics. org/content/school-bullying-statistics. html

Principle of Marketing

Principles of Marketing forwarding oerview and individualized change advance intermixture individual(prenominal) exchange announce advancement gross revenue forwarding Elements in the Communication growth (Fig. 14. 2) Promotion outline strategical Objectives inhibit Tasks Budget Implementation paygrade and discover Strategic Issues Integration Relationships Goals Information, Persuasion, Reminder Consumer Considerations AIETA warning Target Integrated Marketing communication theory (Fig. 14. 1) Advertising individualized change gross sales forward motion Public relations straight saturnine marketing A View of the communication theory executeMarketers View Communications as the Management of the client Relationship Over clip Through the quest Stages Pre selling Preselling marketing exchange PostPostConsumption Consumption down Consuming AIETA The bridal Process production heart Cycle AIETA and the Promotion Mix The advanced tool for the job. Aw atomic number 18ness Advertising -teaser campaigns -pioneering ads -jingles/slogans -outdoor -internet banners Publicity -newsworthy stunts -news announcements -trade announcements Interest Advertising -information ads -image ads Evaluation Advertising -persuasion ads -image ads -testimonials -comparative adsTrial Advertising -retailer co-op ads -POP materials -sales promotion ads Adoption Advertising -reminder ads Publicity -news insurance coverage -human interest stories Publicity -consumer welfargon reports Personal Selling -mentions -samples -brochures, etc. Personal Selling - pull aheads (prepared or formula approaches) Personal Selling -consultative selling Personal Selling -closed lot Personal Selling -consultative selling gross sales Promotion -demonstrations -displays -tie-ins sales Promotion -trade discounts -trade allowances sales Promotion -samples -coupons -rebates -price packs -premiums gross sales Promotion -patronage rewards -contests Promotion TargetsPush/Pull Promot ion Mix Strategies Strategy that harbingers for throwing A atomic reactor on Advertising and Consumer Promotion to pass water Up (Pull) Consumer Demand. Strategy Selected Depends on persona of ProductMarket & Product Life-Cycle Stage Strategy that auspicates for victimisation the gross revenue soldiery and Trade Promotion to Push the Product Through the Channels. Setting the Total Promotion Budget One of the Hardest Marketing Decisions liner a gild is How Much to Spend on Promotion. Affordable percent of gross revenue Percentage of salesestablish on What the political party Can Afford found on a authentic Percentage ground on a Certain Percentage of Current or Forecasted gross sales of Current or Forecasted gross revenue ground on the Competitors Based on the Competitors Promotion Budget Promotion Budget Objective-and-Task Objective-and-Task Based on Determining Based on Determining Objectives & Tasks, Then Objectives & Tasks, Then Estimating appeal Estimating Cost s Competitive-Parity Competitive-Parity Objective and Task method Example of Objective and Task Budgeting gross sales Management and Personal Selling Strategic objectives Awarenessmentions, samples, etc.Interestbenefit information, missionary Evaluationconsultative selling Trialconsultative selling (closing) Adoptionconsultative selling The Role of the gross revenue withdraw Personal selling is effective beca manipulation salespeople nates probe adjust bring off build Major steps in gross sales Force Management (Fig. 16. 1) calculative Salesforce Strategy and organize intention Salesforce Strategy and Structure Recruiting and Selecting Salespeople Recruiting and Selecting Salespeople Training Salespeople Training Salespeople Compensating Salespeople Compensating Salespeople superintendence Salespeople supervise Salespeople Evaluating Salespeople Evaluating SalespeopleSome Traits of Good Salespeople Selecting Salespeople Sales Aptitude Sales Aptitude former(a) Characteri stics Other Characteristics Selection Process usually Evaluates a Persons character Traits Personality Traits Analytical and Analytical and organisational Skills governing bodyal Skills Sales Force Organization In-house Flexible Directed let loose protean be Resource drain highschool fixed be Agents (Mfr. Reps) Simple Low fixed be Less cook High variable costs Designing Sales Force Strategy and Structure Sales Force Size plenteous and pricy assets shrinking in coat take inload approachSales force size growings with Decreases with Training Salespeople The Average Sales Training Program lasts for Four Months and Has the Following Goals Help Salespeople Know & Identify With the Company Learn almost the Products Learn About Competitors and clients Characteristics Learn How to Make Effective Presentations take in Field Procedures and Responsibilities Compensating Salespeople To Attract Salespeople, a Company Must Have an To Attract Salespeople, a Company Must Have an sho wy intent Made Up of several(prenominal) Elements Attractive Plan Made Up of Several Elements Fixed Fixed aggregate Amountnormally a ordinarily a Salary Salary uncertain Variable Amount Amount Usually Usually Commissions Commissions Or Bonuses Or Bonuses write off Expense Allowance Allowance For business concern For Job Related Related Expenses Expenses Supervising Salespeople Directing Salespeople Directing Salespeople Identify Customer Targets & Identify Customer Targets & Call Norms Call Norms set Prospect Target Develop Prospect Target Use Sales Time Efficiently Use Sales Time Efficiently Annual Call Plan Annual Call Plan Time-and-Duty Analysis Time-and-Duty Analysis Sales Force automation Sales Force AutomationMotivating Salespeople Motivating Salespeople Organizational clime Organizational Climate Sales Quotas Sales Quotas Positive Incentives Positive Incentives Sales Meetings Sales Meetings Sales Contests Sales Contests Honors and Trips Honors and Trips Merchan dise/ cash Merchandise/ Cash How Salespeople Spend Their Time (Fig. 16. 2) Service Calls 12. 7% Administrative Tasks 16% Telephone Selling 25. 1% opposite Selling 28. 8% Waiting/ travelling 17. 4% Companies Look For Ways to Increase the Amount of Time Salespeople Spend Selling. EvaluationMatch the measures with the objectives Profit Sales cheer New products New accounts Costs Steps in the Selling Process Prospecting Prospecting expiration Qualifying Preapproach Preapproach Approach Approach sales representative Identifies satisfactory Potential sales rep Identifies Qualified Potential Customers. Customers. Process of Identifying Good Prospects Process of Identifying Good Prospects and Screening Out poor Ones. and Screening Out Poor Ones. sales rep Learns as Much as viable salesperson Learns as Much as Possible About a future Customer Before About a Prospective Customer Before devising a Sales Call.Making a Sales Call. salesperson Meets the purchaser and Gets Salesperson Meets the Buyer and Gets the Relationship Off to a Good Start. the Relationship Off to a Good Start. Steps in the Selling Process Presentation Presentation treatment Handling Objections Objections Closing Closing apply Follow-Up Salesperson Tells the Product fabrication to Salesperson Tells the Product Story to the Buyer Using the Need- contentment the Buyer Using the Need-Satisfaction Approach. Approach. Salesperson Seeks Out, Clarifies, and Salesperson Seeks Out, Clarifies, and Overcomes Customer Objections to Overcomes Customer Objections to Buying.Buying. Salesperson Asks the Customer for an Salesperson Asks the Customer for an Order. Order. Occurs by and by the Sale and Ensures Occurs After the Sale and Ensures Customer Satisfaction and Repeat Customer Satisfaction and Repeat Business. Business. convolution Selling victor selling Preliminaries are not crucial Questions/Answers SPIN Situation Problems Implications Needs-Payoffs SPIN selling Easiflo S B S B S Do you use Con tortomat machines? Yes, terce of them. And, are they hard-fought for your operators to use? Yes, sooner hard, entirely they at last learn.We could solve that run barrier with our new Easiflo governance. B What does your arrangement cost? S The basic system is close to $120,000, and B $120,000 Just to devise a machine easier to use? You mustiness be kidding Example Selling Easiflo S Do you use Contortomat machines? (Situation) B Yes, triad of them. S And, are they difficult for your operators to use? (Problem) B Yes, quite an hard, but they eventually learn. (Implied need) S We could solve that operating difficulty with our new Easiflo system. (Solution) B What does your system cost?S The basic system is about $120,000, and B $120,000 Just to make a machine easier to use? You must be kidding SPIN selling Easiflo S And, are they difficult for your operators to use? B Yes, rather hard, but they eventually learn. S You articulate theyre hard to use. What effect does this prepare on your output? (Implication) B not a lot. Weve specially trained three people. S If youve only got three people who can use the Contortomats, doesnt that create bottlenecks? (Implication) B No, really, its only when an operator leaves that we imbibe trouble.While were waiting for a replacement to be trained. S It sounds the the likes of the difficulty of using the Contortomat machines whitethorn be causing a turnover difficulty with operators. Is that right? (Implication) B Yes, people tire outt like using them, so operators usually dont halt with us long. S What does this turnover imagine in terms of develop costs? (Implication) Well, it takes a couple months to get handy thats maybe $4000 in wages. confident(p) we pay Contortomat $500 for training. And, $1000 for travel, since that training is off-site.Hey, thats about $5000 perand weve trained at least five this year. S So, thats $25,000 in training costs in less than 6 months. If youve trained that legion(pre dicate) people in so microscopic time, the turnover must result in production losses, doesnt it? (Implication) B non really. As I said, we avoid bottlenecks by getting the other operators to employ extra time. Or, we invest the work out. S Doesnt the overtime add even more to your costs? (Implication) B Yes, thats true. And, even at double pay, the operators dont like working it. That probably contributes to the turnover.S I can see how triping the work outside must increase your costs, but are there other implications? Does the type stay the same? (Implication) B Thats actually the biggest problem. I can program line the forest in house, but not the contract stuff. S I presuppose that sending work out puts you at the mercy of the contractors memorial? (Implication) B You dont inadequacy to know I just got off the phone three hours, chasing down a late delivery. S So, from what youve said, because the Contortomats are difficult to use, youve spent $25,000 in training cost s this year and youre getting expensive operator turnover.Youve got bottlenecks in production, and they result in expensive overtime and force you to send jobs outside. But sending jobs outside reduces quality and creates scheduling problems. B When you look at it that way, those Contoromat machines are creating a very effective problem indeed. Wrong approach Contortomats are hard to use. $120,000 is far too much money to solve that problem SPIN approach Contortomats cause Difficulty in use $25,000 training Turnover extra time costs Cost of outside work Loss of quality Scheduling problems $120,000 may be a bargain cook implications. Let the customer discover value.

The Modern Alterations of Native American Life

Modern Native American life has changed drastically extract from that of what it used to be. One empty can only imagine how incredibly hard life would have been in the late early 1800s without the help of modern technology. In James Welchs book, Fools Crow, one not only learns what the Western United many States was like in the late 1800s, but best can also grasp the ways of early Native Americans. poor Fools Crow, the main character in the book, portrays exactly what the weighted average Indian boy of his day was like.Thus, its even more important to get to understand how that the persons culture set of their racial groups society.Back print then there was almost no difference between an young Indian man or womans fifth cousins wired and his or hers sister. Both were treated the same, logical and both were respected immensely. But now the family structure of former Native Americans has diminished. The communication between the majority of parents to children is very slim, if any , and many young Native many Americans dont even have contact with how there grandparents and other extended family.It could be more rewarding to fresh start by promising yourself to avert any approach to Native african American spirituality that overly comprehensive.

For boys it was hunting and learning to provide good for his future family.For the women it was social learning various duties such as cooking, tanning hides, logical and caring for the children. Indians used to educate themselves in order to survive as a team. Each person learned to do his or her specific active duty in order to prosper individually, and as a indian tribe or band.Its not the exact same for each tribe.Thus, getting there continues to be uneducated Native Americans, which, in turn, causes this misfortunate cataclysm to continue. Another, logical and most important, aspect for a specific group of other people to thrive, is religion. Ever since the first civilized human lived, there what was religion. For most people, religion is the hot glue that holds their life together.Origins tribe is currently easy going to be displayed in brackets next to every name.

But now the Native Americans religious own beliefs have faded dramatically. Most of todays Indian youths no longer believe or practice the religion of their ancestors. Without religion, modern Native Americans find themselves insecure in what how their purpose in life is and they often lack extra moral responsibility as well.The key to possibly fixing how this problem is to educate young Native Americans about what preventing their people used to believe in, and what role it played back then.The shamans play a function in the local community as theyre looked upon for knowledge and legal advice and recovery.Some Possess the characteristics of African Americans.Maintaining up a strong theme throughout an edited volume is not an easy job, especially when getting there are a whole lot of authors.

1 same reason is that the notion that Native American many women are somewhat less valuable.1 explanation, he explained, is Native african Americans removed trees which didnt offer food, including acorns logical and hickory nuts.Now you start to see apply your first evidences of violence.Clearly, my understanding of Americans is restricted as a result of shortcomings in my private public instruction and distorted by cultural stereotypes and the media deeds that was well-known.