Comparsion Between the Hume and Collingwood Works

Health Service Users In Higher Education Social Work Essay Example

Health Service Users In Higher Education Social Work Essay Example Health Service Users In Higher Education Social Work Essay Health Service Users In Higher Education Social Work Essay Following legion policy directives from the Department of Health, the inclusion of service users in the preparation of wellness professionals has become compulsory. Service user groups are peculiarly active in mental wellness preparation and there are several enterprises that have been implemented within the UK to ease their engagement in higher instruction bringing. This paper undertakes a critical reappraisal of the placement of mental wellness service users in developing programmes within a diverse scope of subjects, and categorises them into three countries: understanding the new linguistic communication, barriers and benefits, and the positions and readying of service users for functions within higher instruction. While there are promoting developments within this country, there is besides a demand to develop consistence in readying and development of these enterprises to counter the barriers that may authors rise. Keywords: Higher Education, Mental Health, Service Users, Carers, Training Introduction In 1999 the National Service model for Mental Health ( Department of Health, 1999 ) established that service users ( SU ) and carers must go involved in all facets of the preparation for wellness attention professionals. Since so, farther paperss such as the Health and Social Care Act ( 2001 ) ; Commissioning a Service User Led NHS ( Department of Health, ) and the White Paper Our Health, Our Care, Our Say ( Department of Health, 2005b ) , every bit good as enterprises lead by The Health Care Commission ( 2005 ) have contributed to locate service users engagement in higher instruction ( HE ) as a precedence on the docket of mental wellness policies. Such enterprises straight challenge traditional theoretical accounts of attention where professionals were seen as the experts in mental wellness jobs while service users were a passive receiver of attention ( Foucault, 1980 ) . Mental wellness is today conceptualised as a continuum, on which all mental wellness provinces are featured. To ease the execution of authorities policies workforce alliances and educational establishments have developed farther guidelines for the engagement of service users and carers in higher instruction. For illustration, the National Institute for Mental Health ( NIMHE ) adapted degrees of engagement developed by several writers ( Forrest, Risk, Masters, A ; Brown, 2000 ; Goss A ; Miller, 1995 ) to assist Workforce Development Confederations to scrutinize user and carer engagement in higher instruction. Additionally, Tew, Gell and Foster ( 2004 ) developed an appraisal model to be used for higher instruction establishments. The ladder of engagement considers that mental wellness service users could take part at different degrees runing from degree one ( no engagement ) to level five ( engagement in complete partnership ) . Professional and regulative organic structures have shown conformity with policies taking to new criterions of attention. For illustration, the Royal College of Psychiatrists made mandatary for trainees in psychopathology to have preparation from SUs ( Fadden, Shooter, A ; Holsgrove, 2005 ) ; the Chief Nursing Officer s Review of Mental Health Nursing ( Department of Health, 2006 ) established new nucleus competencies that have to be achieved through incorporating SUs within the nursing educational procedure and service users, and carers form portion of the revised standards for the Accreditation of Postgraduate Training Programs in Clinical Psychology ( BPS 2008 ) . Since the launch of all those policies, a overplus of illustrations and articles has emerged demoing how service users and carers have contributed to mental wellness and societal attention instruction at a scope of degrees and through the UK geographics. For illustration, in nursing ( Frisby, 2001 ; Langdon, Barnes, Haslehurst, Rimmer, A ; Turton, 2003 ) ; societal work ( Branfield, 2009 ; Levin, 2004 ) ; clinical psychological science ( Cooke A ; Hayward, 2010 ; Harper, Goodbody, A ; Steen, 2005 ) and medical preparation ( Fadden et al. , 2005 ; Wykurz A ; Kelly, 2002 ) . Such grounds surely highlights the development of user-involvement in HE, and illustrations of good pattern have been disseminated. However there is small effort to synthesize this literature peculiarly with mention to HE bringing. Taking all the above into history, a critical reappraisal of the literature was felt necessary at this phase. The chief purpose was to place emergent subjects and concerns shared by writers when using constabularies of users involvement in higher instruction into pattern and to place countries of farther work in pattern and research. The literature reappraisal: hunt scheme The hunt standards were refined to literature published since 1999 in line with the National Service Framework for mental wellness. Several on-line databases were searched: AMED, BNI, CINAHL, EMBASE, Health Business Elite, MEDLINE, PsychArticles, PsycInfo, ScienceDirect, and Web of Knowledge. Using a synonym finder and free text hunts, hunt footings were expanded to include mental wellness, service user, engagement, engagement, higher instruction, college, university, instruction, and pupil. In entire, over two 100 articles were retrieved and their mention lists hand- searched through to place farther relevant literature that may non hold appeared in the original database hunt. To spread out the hunt, writers of the most relevant articles were contacted, as were conference talkers and website decision makers in an attempt to supply inside informations of any current research they may be involved in. To set up relevance and to bring forth a literature reappraisal that was both extended but besides specific to our subject of involvement, we needed to specify the exact parametric quantities that we were seeking for. This led us to set up some exclusion standards. One such exclusion was articles that addressed mental wellness service users engagement in research undertakings. Many articles documented how service users were being recruited as participants in university research undertakings. However, these illustrations of SU engagement were non direct instruction and were non specifically aligned to education bringing. Our focal point was on how HE establishments involved service users in categories, talks, and as established members of staff in their instruction programmes. We besides chose to exclude any mention to service users being involved in instruction unless it was specifically higher instruction. Much of the stuff addressed how service users could take part in the prepara tion of health care professionals, but within independently organised workshops. We felt that that utilizing these exclusion standards would non merely supply a streamlined hunt scheme relevant to our research subject, but would besides let us to detect how establishments were following with the aforesaid authorities statute law to include service users in the bringing of higher instruction. Searching the literature in this manner was conducted on the footing of seeking to reply several inquiries. The first indispensable question lies in finding the current state of affairs of engagement of mental wellness SUs in HE. A demand besides exists to set up the chief issues that emerge with seeking to use current policies on mental wellness SUs and developing wellness professionals. Finally the cardinal question demands what we can larn from the grounds and what future developments are possible. Consequences: general observations Maping the literature resulted in a principal of surveies that spanned several subjects. From the articles that met our inclusion criteria the following capable countries from which they emerged were identified: Nursing = 53 articles Social Work = 26 Inter-professional = 22 Medical = 16 Psychiatry = 7A Psychology = 2 In measuring the attack of these surveies, we identified the undermentioned dislocation: Involvement suggestions = 17 ( e.g. appraisal ) Involvement ratings = 22 Case study = 40 Contemplations = 15 ( e.g. interviews, SU experiences ) Literature reappraisal = 8 Quantitative study = 5 Other = 19 ( e.g. Conference proceedings, web site, workshop ) Three systematic reappraisals were identified. Repper A ; Breeze ( Repper A ; Breeze, 2004 ) reviewed the literature on user and carer engagement in the preparation and instruction of mental wellness attention workers. They found that the bulk of documents selected for their reappraisal provided descriptions of consumer engagement undertakings with accent on the procedure of affecting users and callings instead than looking at the consequence that this engagement produced in pupils. Merely seven documents reported the result of consumer engagement in training/education and none examined the consequence of such instruction on pattern. Traveling more specifically in to mental wellness pattern for nursing pupils, Gray et Al. ( 2010 ) found that several writers ( e.g. Branfield, 2009 ; Speers, 2008 ) recommended the development of protocols to supply construction when affecting users in these activities. Wykurtz and Kelly ( 2002 ) completed a systematic reappraisal of publications from 1970 to 2001 discoursing the function of patients as active instructors in medical instruction. They identified 23 articles being merely one of these articles related to mental wellness, and the lone one co-authored by a health professional or patient ( Butterworth A ; Livingston, 1999 ) . They contributed to the grounds of positive benefits in users engagement in HE. Such reappraisals provide a utile penetration into bing work. Upon farther examination, we besides identified emergent subjects that the retrieved articles demonstrated. These will each be discussed and are: Understanding the new linguistic communication: issues originating from the usage of the new vocabulary, definition of specific footings, such as users and carers Barriers and Benefits: researching the single and institutional concerns built-in in the constitution and care of SU engagement. Service users readying and positions of engagement in HE bringing: turn toing the nature of preparation and designation of larning demands for SUs and carers. Understanding the new linguistic communication The inter-changeability and fluctuation of the nomenclature used in the articles was a most outstanding observation. In footings of specifying higher instruction, the information retrieved covered a scope of wellness professionals and subjects: medicine/psychiatry, nursing, occupational therapy, societal work, psychological science, graduate mental wellness workers, other professionals/programs ( e.g. certification in mental wellness work ) . Equally varied was the terminology applied to SUs and carers. Mental wellness SUs and carers are both different by definition and demands. However sometimes these footings appear in the literature as one sole entity and used inclusively. Traditionally, wellness professionals have given different names to the population they attend following the assorted theoretical theoretical accounts used as model. Doctors and nurses refer to the people they see for appraisal and intervention as patients while professionals from societal work A ; psychology specify them as clients and the footings users and/or, consumers are normally used from a managerial position. The term service user was adapted from societal policy by societal work in the early 1990s and it has become widely used across the UK by wellness and societal attention professions ( Anghel A ; Ramon, 2009 ) . Peoples widely accept these differences in vocabulary ( McGuire-Snieckus, McCabe, A ; Priebe, 2003 ) and suit to them. Service user administrations are besides lending to the field giving their ain definitions. They advocated that a service user should ever be self-identifying and seen as a individual foremost ( Determining our Lifes, 2003 ) and they have suggested to utilize the term citizen stakeholders ( Advocacy in Action, 2006 ) or to use footings such as resistant and survivors ( Distress Awareness Training Agency Website, 2010 ) All these incompatibilities sing the more appropriate nomenclature to be used were reflected in the literature and had been highlighted by writers ( Gray et al. , 2010 ; Rees, Knight, A ; Wilkinson, 2007 ; Simpson, Barkham, Gilbody, A ; House, 2003 ) . Some of them have adopted the definition proposed by Cooper A ; Spencer-Dawe ( 2006 ) in that that a service user is a individual who is ( or has been ) having any type of wellness or societal attention service. This definition has been seen a impersonal one ( Simpson et al. 2003 ) . Others ( Anghel A ; Ramon, 2009 ; Middleton, Stanton, A ; Renouf, 2004 ) proposed footings such as consultant , consumer adviser and/ or mental wellness consumer adviser to designate mental wellness service users as this would be more in harmony with the function they presently play. Others disagreed with this new nomenclature ( Moss, Boath, Buckley, A ; Colgan, 2009 ) as they have found in their surveies that participants would prefer the term s ervice user while others found that this may be inappropriate and considered violative ( Humphreys, 2005 ; Tyler, 2006 ) . Furthermore, understanding the new linguistic communication applies in the other way, this being service users going accustomed to the linguistic communication within academe. Many writers assert that the nature of academic argument and attach toing slang can efficaciously except service users and carers, and hence consequence in them experiencing intimidated and frustrated ( Basset, Campbell, A ; Anderson, 2006 ; Essen et al. , 2009 ; Scots Voices, 2008 ; Tew et al. , 2004 ) . Such sentiments lead suitably to the wider consideration of barriers to serve user integrating in higher instruction. Barriers and benefits Many articles approached the barriers to and benefits of SU engagement in both single and institutional contexts. On institutional degrees, several writers raised the high spot that the hierarchal civilization and constructions present within the HE establishments do non ease effectual coaction between faculty members and SUs. More specifically there was an inexplicit political orientation held that HE itself was a beginning of subjugation and exclusion that maintains bing inequalities in power dealingss and hierarchies ( Boxall, Carson, A ; Docherty, 2004 ; Hanley, 2005 ) . Other articles asserted that some faculty members used their cognition and expertness to project a sense of high quality over service users and carers and hence devaluate their engagement and sentiments ( Basset et al. , 2006 ; Branfield, Beresford, A ; Levin, 2007 ; Dogra, Anderson, Edwards, A ; Cavendish, 2008 ; Forbat, 2006 ; Tait A ; Lester, 2005 ) . Rees et Al. ( 2007 ) province that frequently service users and carers are non seen as holding a legitimate portion to play in instruction and preparation. In peculiar with regard to appraisal, the Social Care Institute for Excellence ( 2009 ) make the point that some faculty members believe that the appraisal of pupils is the exclusive state of them and disregard any added value that could be gained from the engagement of service users or carers. Such positions convey a damning indictment upon the purposes to make meaningful engagement, and are so barriers of an abstract and cloudy nature. However, on a more single degree, there are some practical and logistical concerns that besides serve to impede instead than advance engagement. Concerns such as payment of disbursals and concerns held by SUs that this may impact benefits, ( Basset et al. , 2006 ; Branfield et al. , 2007 ; Brown A ; Young, 2008 ) . Entree to installations, and a perceived tokenistic usage of SUs besides contrib ute to the structural and hierarchal hindrances outlined earlier. Felton and Stickley ( 2004 ) interviewed five mental wellness lectors to determine their positions of affecting service users in learning the undergraduate mental wellness nursing programme. Whilst four out of the five lectors by and large considered user engagement to be a good thing their subsequent parts suggested ambiguities. Although demoing consciousness of possible disadvantages of user engagement in higher instruction, respondents were non ever clear about the advantages. Furthermore, lectors did non desire the service users to go professionalised ; they wanted their function as patients maintained as this was perceived as more utile for engagement in the programme. Another sensed disadvantage for the users going professionalised was an eroding of their ain functions into that of glorified markers . In add-on to practical concerns that can straight impact persons, such issues arise in organizational factors. Other barriers raised in the literature concern the deficiency of substructure within SU administrations to get by with demand. The literature asserts that the engagement of service users and carers in the educational procedure equates to clip and resource ingestion when these trade goods are already committed ( Basset et al. , 2006 ; Edwards, 2003 ) . While HE administrations may non keep such disadvantages, it is argued that an built-in bias towards service users still abounds every bit, such as being disablement, undependability, being unpredictable or even unsafe ( Felton A ; Stickley 2004 ; Basset et Al. 2006 ; Branfield et Al. 2007 ; ( Haffling A ; Hakansson, 2008 ) ( Happell A ; Roper, 2009 ) ) . In malice of the aforesaid barriers identified in the literature, some articles besides featured the benefits of SU engagement in HE bringing. For pupils of classs in which Sessionss were delivered by SUs, the chance to reflect upon thought arousing feedback from SUs increased their assurance, motive and encouragement to farther heighten their pattern ( Bideau, Guerne, Bianchi, A ; Huber, 2006 ; Duxbury A ; Ramsdale, 2007 ) . Indeed, the wider issue of larning through brooding feedback is strongly supported whether the feedback was positive or negative. Evidence showed that positive and constructive feedback from service users and carers welcomed it and believed it was an of import portion of pupils acquisition procedures, while less than positive feedback sparked de-motivation ( Bailey, 2005 ) . Bailey besides reported that all service users found themselves sympathizing with the individual who was the focal point of the pupils appraisal and commented that they had felt empowere d and as a consequence of working with other service users had made new societal contacts. Other surveies reported that both pupils and user/carer participants found the experience positive. The pupils felt that listening to the user and carer position had facilitated a greater apprehension. The pupils felt privileged to hear the carer s narrative, happening the experience traveling, enlightening and informative ( Turner et al. , 2000 ) . Wood and Wilson-Barnett ( 1999 ) evaluated the consequence of user engagement on pupil larning utilizing a comparing research design. The findings showed pronounced differences between pupils who were and were non exposed to users. Students who had earlier exposure to user engagement showed more empathy and used less professional slang and a more individualized attack. They conclude that affecting service users earlier instead than subsequently in a programme may be more effectual in footings of act uponing larning If having negative feedback, pupils unsurprisingly became doubting about the whole procedure which impinged on their perceptual experience of the value of affecting service users and carers in their appraisal ( Rees et al. , 2007 ; Speers, 2008 ; Stickley et al. , 2010 ) besides made the observation that some of the pupils in their survey believed that the feedback from SUs was excessively glowing and lacked constructive unfavorable judgment. In seeking farther positions of SUs, many surveies shared the determination that they valued most extremely the humanistic accomplishments of pupils and led to increased power sharing , but this was limited within the university environment. These surveies besides highlighted that maintaining the impulse traveling for user engagement in professional instruction requires changeless high degrees of energy and committedness ( Masters et al. , 2002 ) which can be translated as added value ( Barnes, Carpenter, A ; Bailey, 2000 ) . Barnes et al. us ed a instance survey methodological analysis to measure a post-graduate programme of inter-professional instruction in community mental wellness. This paper besides described the development of a questionnaire to measure added value for SUs which could be attributed to the programme. The results that SUs prioritised were: pupils showing apprehension, and non merely seeking to work out jobs or push people into services ; handling service users with regard, non as labels ; professionals developing their capacity to be human ; pupils holding cognition about services, including protagonism services and service user groups ; and being able to supply information about how to affect service users in measuring their demands. Overall, this survey found that, whilst users parts were valued, they were non given the same acceptance by the programme participants as parts from senior faculty members from the field of psychopathology and psychological science. Masters et Al. ( 2002 ) focused on the rating of a scheme papers and its execution, from the position of all the stakeholders. Data was collected by two questionnaires, compiled for the intent. The service users found benefits in the acquisition of new accomplishments, increased assurance and a echt feeling of authorization. The issue of group rank besides straddles barriers and benefits of SU engagement in HE bringing. While there are clear benefits to pupils in footings of larning experience and great chances for common regard and partnerships between the HE and SU communities, there are besides troubles associated with keeping the positive differentiations between these groups to achieve meaningful engagement and pedagogical equilibrium. Indeed, several commentaries make the point that as service users and carers become used to the educational environment and learn to get by with the civilization so they are no longer genuinely representative of the service carer group ( Ahuja A ; Williams, 2005 ; Felton A ; Stickley, 2004 ; McGarry A ; Thom, 2004 ; Tait A ; Lester, 2005 ) . Such issues are per se held within the readying and preparation that SUs receive and besides deliver, which leads to the tierce of our subjects. Service users: readying and positions Few documents specified whether, or how, user or carer participants had been prepared for their educational function, nor how support was organised despite this being identified as of import by lectors ( Masters A ; Forrest, 2010 ; Turner et al. , 2000 ) and service users ( Curran, 1997 ) . Preparation tended to be informal such as a short telephone call ( Turner et al. , 2000 ) or a briefing before a instruction session to explicate the function of the participant ( Costello A ; Horne, 2001 ) . However, this limited or deficiency of information can ensue in user and carer participants experiencing unsure about their engagement, non understanding the intent, and experiencing that they lack expertness ( Spencer et al. , 2000 ) ; Turner et Al 2000 ; Masters et 2002 ) . Hanson and Mitchell ( 2001 ) follow a structured attack and maintain the focal point on the readying of mental wellness service users for engagement in instruction with the purpose to learn in the pre-registration of a mental wellness nursing class. A standard for engagement was users motive. The readying for mental wellness users, nevertheless, was more concerned with the techniques for the learning itself and a instruction and measuring faculty for nurses. One manner to guarantee, or at least assist equal readying is the formation of mention groups for the specific intent of SU engagement in higher instruction, for illustration by agencies of patient consultative groups through targeted audience ( Greenfield et al. , 2001 ) . Two documents discuss the procedure of organizing mention groups from bing consumer groups. Ingham ( 2001 ) describes the puting up of a mention group for the specific intent of supplying the user position to inform a new pre-registration class. Recruitment for the group was coordinated through the local wellness authorization and members were drawn from a broad spectrum of patient and voluntary service groups the mention group addressed the procedure of engagement, but in this instance, it identified land regulations for patient engagement with deductions for both the involved consumer and the educational administration. Sawley ( 2002 ) describes a series of meetings set up with consumers to specifically inform t he course of study content of kids s nursing classs. Recruitment for the group was made via a assortment of paths: a list of charities provided by the local community wellness council ; notices put up on kids s wards ; personal invitations sent to parents who nurses idea might be interested ; and by assorted media mercantile establishments. This enterprise did non merely act upon educational classs, but led to pattern development within Trusts and more effectual networking. The development of such groups to fix SUs for a function in HE bringing is surely a measure in the right way, but however can still fall quarry to the one-way street of faculty members urging and organizing these groups and puting their ain dockets. While this may sometimes be a starting point, a demand besides exists to guarantee that a bipartisan way leting SUs to put dockets excessively. This lies non merely in lending to content and bringing of instruction, but besides keeping facilitation of SUs and carers placing their ain acquisition demands and preparation development, as per recommendations by Advocacy in Action ( 2006b ) . Surveies identified from our hunts displayed grounds of such designation taking topographic point in footings of class results for wellness professionals. Two surveies reported consumers positions about what healthcare workers should be taught. All focused on service users positions about the preparation demands of mental wellness nurses ( Forrest et al. , 2000 ; Rudman, 1996 ) and the common determination was service users accent upon the humanistic qualities of lovingness and regard, and the importance of interpersonal accomplishments. Rudman ( 1996 ) collected informations from two mental wellness user groups ( 20 service users in entire ) by agencies of semi-structured group interviews. The users felt the indispensable qualities of mental wellness nursing to be: lovingness: maintaining caring despite socialization ; accessibility, immediateness and presence ; professional demeanor. Forrest et Al ( 2000 ) besides aimed to arouse user positions about the cognition, accomplishmen ts and attributes they considered that mental wellness nurses should possess but in add-on their survey explored schemes for user engagement in the on-going course of study design and bringing. Once once more, the SUs valued human qualities above professional accomplishments. A good nurse was described as person with common sense , heat and sensitiveness, as being nice and person who can be a friend. Many users in the survey felt that bing nursing classs are counterproductive with regard to the qualities they value due to the accent upon the professional qualities and the medical theoretical account. Decisions It is clear that SU engagement in HE bringing has generated many benefits for SUs, carers, pupils and faculty members likewise. Equally reviewing are the increased Numberss of surveies that seem to hold moved on from merely sing the benefits of SU engagement and are at the following degree of sing its impact, on many different degrees. There are besides, nevertheless, incompatibilities. These arise from rudimentss of nomenclature, through to the very execution of enterprises countrywide, which are at best described as patchy and unevenaˆY ( Branfield, 2009 ; Speers, 2008 ) . One of the issues that is non ever evident in the literature and hence hard to thematise is extent of engagement of service users within different countries. Recommendations of pattern such as ladders of engagement ( Gutteridge A ; Dobbins, 2009 ; Tew et al. , 2004 ) are proposed, and some bear direct relevancy to HE bringing in footings of factoring learning activities, payment for talk rates and being involved in course of study determinations ( Forrest et al. , 2000 ) . These definitions of engagement are utile to define the extent to which SUs carers might be included, but this information could farther be augmented by the development of a clear cosmopolitan model for all parties. This is particularly relevant as the barriers identified in the literature continue to tilt towards residuary concerns of wage, tokenism, representation, enlisting and power instabilities, in add-on to the possibilities of the genuineness of a SU group being diminished as members become farther ens conced in HE procedures. Many policies have been introduced to regulate the way of a more service user/patient-led wellness service. However, in malice of the increased figure of those theoretical accounts of good pattern, the engagement of users and carers in higher instruction of wellness professionals still suggests a more ad hoc and local activity than one that follows national planning. It gives the feeling of organic structures being embarked in a helter-skelter endurance contest with the purpose to turn out conformity with authorities recommendations, flagging their undertaking as the most valued 1s, alternatively of following a brooding and organized mode of interpreting those policies into pattern. Furthermore, the Numberss of those illustrations are still a few in comparing with the extended figure of policies developed to that terminal. Service users engagement is non merely the modern focal point of the NHS it is a societal motion that deserves particular contemplation and considerations ( Crossl ey, 2002 ) . Repper and Breeze ( 2004 ) observed that accent was placed on interpersonal accomplishments of nurses with the deduction that other wellness fortes were conspicuous by their absence. It besides is still evident that a larger figure of surveies so far has emerged for the nursing literature in footings of SU inclusion within mental wellness nursing programmes. Other subjects need to increase their capacity to affect SUs. There is small uncertainty that research needs to go on into this country, with peculiar accent in SU and carers positions once they have established length of service of their associations with HE establishments.

Decolonization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Decolonization - Essay Example This implies that the colonizers were starting to view colonialism as a negative aspect because it led to violence and destruction of economies within the occupied countries. This is because the colonizers were after the raw materials and the riches in the colonies. In addition, the imperial nations could not make sacrifices that were mostly characterized with war in order to maintain colonies. In other instances, decolonization took place because the imperial nations had lost their military prestige, which was mostly lost during wars that the imperials lost. Moreover, there was increased need to liberate people in order to allow them to establish self-rule although this was accompanied by double crosses and bad deals as the colonizing nations attempted to continue holding the countries as colonies. The people themselves also wanted to acquire self-rule that could only be established if decolonization occurred first. These nations fought forcing the imperial nations to pull back. The se reasons among others led to decolonization. We show concern with the issue of decolonization because of one key reason. This is the historical perspective. Here, people can only understand why today’s world is as it is because of learning what happened in the past. Acquiring perspective on the previous occurrences as well as the effects of colonization helps the modern generations to comprehend why today’s world functions in the way it does as well as understand the beginning of modern relationships between nations.

Not Built Here Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Not Built Here - Case Study Example In the contemporary business domain, all firms and corporations are expected to embrace creativity, invention and innovation (Dellmour, 2011). Therefore, when the business director came with the new thought hoping it would be of an added advantage to the company operations, the two managers should have given him a chance. Instead of resenting the said changes, they should have approached the pioneering officer with a lot of concern in order to know why he thought his idea was a better one (Johnson, 2009). In addition, it was never wise of them to rely entirely on rumors without seeking the truth from the business director. Today, corporations and businesses organizations, are deemed not to take on complex social, economical and managerial problems without having regarded the efforts of the full spectrum of concerned members and stakeholders including the junior employees (Rousseau, 2008). Furthermore, most organizations today hire managers and administrators who uphold teamwork. In this case study, however, the California mental health facility’s business director tends to encourage dictatorial decision making process. He does not consult either his seniors or juniors. Most corporations in the current professional environment engage administrators who practice and uphold teamwork principles with the aim of creating a healthy work environment. This choice of approach encourages prompt problem solving techniques as well as excellence in creativity and performance. Such firms are fond of basing their corporate frameworks almost entirely around togetherness and teamwork. Employees are first engaged in general work fields. After the identification of the various employee skills and talents, specialization and decision of labor are usually encouraged (Wart, 2008). Similarly, the director should have incorporated and encouraged his colleagues in consultations until a consensus is

Marketing Promotes Product Awareness To The Public Marketing Essay

Marketing Promotes Product Awareness To The Public Marketing Essay Managers face an endless challenge to create unique strategies that will enable them provide positional advantage in an effort to achieve superior financial or customer performance. A companys pecuniary success largely depends upon prudent marketing efforts along with financial, operational, accounting and other business functions. Piercy (1992) identi ¬Ã‚ es marketing as focusing on strategies concerning the critical decision of market de ¬Ã‚ nition and market segmentation as well as the identi ¬Ã‚ cation of potential bases for differentiation. Sometimes, people ask why marketing is important in the financial success of a company. The answer to this question is, assume you have a product to offer with excellent features, best quality and amazing packaging but no one knows about your product? There will be no demand in the market for your it, the company will make no sale and eventually no profit. Here comes the importance of marketing. The most important function of marketing, along with others, is to create awareness about products/services and make loyal customers. Through marketing customers get an opportunity to know what you are offering them and you get the opportunity to convince them to buy your products/services. The overall marketing umbrella covers advertising, public relations, promotions and sales. Marketing is a process by which a product or service is introduced and promoted to potential customers. Without marketing, your business may offer the best products or services in your industry, but none of your potential customers would know about it. Without marketing, sales may crash and companies may have to close. Production and distribution depend largely on marketing. Many people think that sales and marketing are basically the same. These two concepts are different in many aspects. Marketing covers advertising, promotions, public relations, and sales. It is the process of introducing and promoting the product or service into the market and encourages sales from the buying public. Sales refer to the act of buying or the actual transaction of customers purchasing the product or service. Some important reasons why marketing is important include: Getting the Word Out For a business to succeed, the product or service it provides must be known to potential buyers. Unless your business is known in the community and communication with your customers is readily available, you have to use marketing strategies to create product or service awareness. Without marketing, your potential customers may never be aware of your business offerings and your business may not be given the opportunity to progress and succeed. Using marketing to promote your product, service and company provides your business with a chance of being discovered by prospective customers. Higher Sales Once your product, service or company gets on the radar screen of your prospects, it increases your chances that consumers will make a purchase. As awareness becomes a reality, it is also the point where new customers start to spread the word, telling friends and family about this amazing new product they discovered. Your sales will steadily increase as the word spreads. Without employing marketing strategies, these sales may not have ever happened; without sales, a company cannot succeed. Company Reputation The success of a company often rests on a solid reputation. Marketing builds brand name recognition or product recall with a company. When a company reaches the high expectations of the public, its reputation stands on firmer ground. As your reputation grows, the business expands and sales increase. The reputation of your company is built through active participation in community programs, effective communication (externally and internally) and quality products or services, which are created or supported by marketing efforts. Healthy Competition Marketing also fosters an environment in the marketplace for healthy competition. Marketing efforts increases awareness and gets the word out on pricing of products and services, which not only reaches the intended consumers, but also reaches other companies competing for the consumers business. As opposed to companies that have a monopoly on products and services that can charge almost any price, marketing helps keep pricing competitive for a business to try to win over consumers before its competition does. Without competition, well known companies would continue to sell while lesser known companies or new companies would stand little chance of ever becoming successful. Marketing facilitates the healthy competition that allows small businesses and new businesses to be successful, enter and grow in the marketplace. As there is high competition in the market and you are not the only one to offer that product, certain issues need to be considered, issues like; how is this product diff erent from that of competitors? What do I have better to offer than my competitor? And why should a customer buy my product rather than my competitors? All this is achieved through intelligent marketing campaign and is self-evident of the significance of marketing. It enables an organization to capture maximum market share, make a big brand name, make loyal customers and retain them. Marketing Promotes Product Awareness to the Public It has already been mentioned in the previous paragraph that getting the product or service recognized by the market is the primary goal of marketing. No business possibly ever thought of just letting the people find out about the business themselves, unless you have already established a reputation in the industry. But if you are a start-out or an average company, the only means to be made known is to advertise and promote. Your business may be spending quite a lot on advertising and promotional  programs but the important thing at the end of the day is that product and company information is disseminated to the buying public, they get interested and purchase it and as a result increasing sales and revenue for the company. Various types of marketing approaches can be utilized by an organization. All forms of marketing promotes product awareness to the market at large. Offline and online marketing make it possible for the people to be educated with the various products and services that they can take advantage of. A company must invest in marketing so as not to miss the opportunity of being discovered by potential consumers. If expense is to be considered, there are cost-effective marketing techniques a company can embark on such as pay-per-click ads and blogging. Marketing Helps Boost Product Sales Apart from public awareness about a companys products and services, marketing helps boost sales and revenue growth. Whatever your business is selling, it will generate sales once the public learns about your product through TV advertisements, radio commercials, newspaper ads, online ads, and other forms of marketing. The more people hear and see more of your product, the more likely it would be for them to want to try it. Its this basic principle that makes firms spend millions on marketing activities. If your company aims to increase the sales percentage and double the production, the marketing department must be able to come up with effective and strategic marketing plans. Marketing Builds Company Reputation In order to conquer the general market, marketers aim to create a brand name recognition or product recall. This is a technique for the consumers to easily associate the brand name with the images, logo, or caption that they hear and see in the advertisements. For example, McDonalds is known for its arch design which attracts people and identifies the image as McDonalds. For some companies, building a reputation to the public may take time but there are those who easily attract the people. With an established name in the industry, a business continues to grow and expand because more and more customers will purchase the products or take advantage of the services from a reputable company. Advertising Marketing plays a very essential role in the success of a company. It educates people on the latest market trends, helps boost a companys sales and profit, and develops company reputation. But marketers must be creative and wise enough to promote their products with the proper marketing tactics. Although marketing is important, if it is not conducted and researched well, the company might just be wasting on expenses and time on a failed marketing approach. Hobb (2012) stated that; for entrepreneurs who aim to bring new and innovative products to market, the acquisition of customer and competitor information is an early activity that could bring about future opportunities. Hence, it could lead to a more effective organization of the founding process and, therefore to a higher probability of success. Therefore, through marketing, a can manager discover new opportunities for business expansion and growth. The successful execution of such new opportunities brought to light through marketing depends essentially on the acquisition of information. Collecting information from customers and/or about potential competitors is necessary to derive practicable contingencies or strategic planning and to revise and adapt marketing plans. Hobb (journal of strategic marketing ) quoting Gruber (2007) further points out the value of marketing planning for new venture development and highlights the role of information sources in developing marketing plans. As a result of information from customers, managers are able to revise previous plans and create a yardstick for new projects. Accurate information is neededto tailor the marketing mix to other potential customers. When information is collected through marketing, managers and executives are more able to fully realize the potential of the corresponding marketing activities. Acquiring customer and competitor information could in ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uence a new business adaptability and subsequently give more room to maneuver and adjust to the particular market environment. One aspect of marketing that is indispensable in any firm and can assist managers with tools on how to better position their brand, out do competitors, improve productivity and increase profits / sales is market orientation. Kohli and Jaworski (1990) defined market orientation as  the organization-wide generation of market intelligence, dissemination of the intelligence across departments and organization-wide responsiveness to it   Wikipedia explained further by stating that, the marketing concept is a business philosophy, whereas the term market orientation refers to the actual implementation of the marketing concept. They added that a market orientation appears to provide a unifying focus for the efforts and projects of individuals and departments within the organization. Furthermore, Cass, Vada, Ngo and Sharvti (jounal of strategic marketing) said Market orientation has the ability to enhance a  ¬Ã‚ rms success. They further quoted Slater and Narver (1998) saying that at its core, market orientation places signi ¬Ã‚ cant emphasis on the pro ¬Ã‚ table creation and maintenance of superior customer value, and those supporting its impact endorse it as the conduit for staying close to customers as well as for its ability to enhance  ¬Ã‚ rm performance. Market orientation is a culture rather than an individual process. Its the norms, mindsets, values and behaviours of employers; alongside the structure, systems and control of the organization. Marketing oriented businesses define their activities as service activities carried out towards the satisfaction of their customers. In other words they define their operation as a service business with customer service being the most important activity. They are driven by customer needs which are identified in their objectives. For instance, a car company might say well make your car in whatever colour you choose. A marketing orientated approach means a business reacts to what customers want. The decisions taken are based around information about customers needs and wants, rather than what the business thinks is right for the customer. Most successful businesses take a market-orientated approach. Most markets are moving towards a more market-orientated approach because customers have become more knowledgeable and require more variety and better quality. To compete, businesses need to be more sensitive to their customers needs; otherwise they will lose sales to competitors. When to use it?  Use market orientations when you want to understand, anticipate and satisfy your customer needs. You may already be operating somewhere in-between orientations. Companies can be anywhere on the spectrum as well as having different products at different orientations.   What does it achieve? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A sense of what customers want à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Links customers needs to company capabilities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Builds relationships à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Creates vision à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Greater internal marketing and communications à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tracking and information systems for further research and evaluation   OCass, Ngo, and Siahtiri (2012) designed an empirical study to collect data from manufacturing  ¬Ã‚ rms in Australia to show that market orientation improves productivity and market capability. According to them, Australia has been ranked 20th overall in the worlds most competitive economies according to the Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 (Sala-i-Martin, 2011). In2011 Australia recorded a GDP of US$925 billion and GDP per capita of US$66.984.SMEs contribute signi ¬Ã‚ cantly to economic growth, national development, innovation and employment in Australia (ONAO Audit Report, 2011). There are around 175,000 SMEs inAustralia, which operate in a broad range of industries, including the construction,  ¬Ã‚ nance, insurance, wholesale and retail trade industries, and employ 28% of Australias workforce. In the course the study, 300 responses from 500 Australian  ¬Ã‚ rms, which constituted a 60% response rate in Australia were received. All participants who reported their positions indicated that they held the most senior marketing positions within their respective  ¬Ã‚ rms. In the survey, 85% of the respondents agreed that general information about market participants (customers, competitors and suppliers) is of paramount importance to them. Since market orientation gets this job done, this proves its importance to an organization. Considerations With so many messages bombarding the consumer in the marketplace today, it is now more difficult than ever to get your product noticed, so marketers have learned to be creative. Knowing what your clients expectations are, exceeding them, and building a reputation based on that is the key to success. Pay attention to your customers, and they will come back time and time again. Ignore them, and they will disappear faster than you can spend your marketing budget to try to bring them back. There is the belief that the marketing staff is a burden on the company and they do not justify the money spent on them. However, the fact is that sincere marketing efforts never goes to waste. When you invest in good marketing related activities, you are sure to reap benefits. Well run marketing campaigns can help you earn good profits. Some people have misconceptions about the term marketing, they feel that it is an easy task and anyone can do it. They couldnt be more wrong. As a manager, you have to get rid of this view point and employ professional marketers who will device your marketing strategy and help you execute it as well. Although marketing is really important for the success of a business, the reality is that it can also be very expensive. A marketing budget can reach as much as 30 percent (sometimes more) of the annual sales. As a result of the huge expenditure marketing/marketing programs incur, it is paramount that it is done right. The tools and campaigns used to improve the success of a brand or re-position it must be researched into deeply, tried and tested to ensure that they would get the job done. A marketing program that gives a company the best chance in a market environment that is as competitive as it is today is a healthy mix of different forms of marketing, such as website development, public relations, print and broadcast advertising, design and printing for all print materials, trade shows and other special events. PART 2: THE PERSUASIVE PAPER Brief: The manager of Pico fruit juice (hypothetical name) company has decided to rebrand the drink (Pico juice) by changing the packaging because he feels the old packaging is not flashy or attractive enough. He believes it is a little bland. However, the product seems to be doing very well in the market and has achieved a lot of recognition. I think re-packaging the brand might spell disaster and it is therefore my job as a marketing consultant to warn him against it. Muzellec and Lambkin (2006) defined rebranding as a change in an organizations self-identity and/or an attempt to change perceptions of the image among external stakeholders. Rebrand is a company image revision and it can assist a company in updating its message, appealing to new audiences or even signaling a complete change in direction. The reasons behind identity change are usually bad press, new target market, new product, merger, or aspiration to gain a competitive edge. However, these reasons do not apply to Pico fruit juice, When considering rebranding, we should ask ourselves the crucial question- why? If we are not changing what the company stands for, if our customers like what we stand for now, and if they associate our current packaging with what the company stands for, then why should we rebrand? Why waste the time, money and the priceless brand equity we have tried to build up? We would be much better served creating some really effective marketing campaigns to increase the strength of our brand and increase its consumer base. According to consumer surveys done, our customers already like our product the way it is, therefore rebranding can change their preconceived perception of the product thereby making them lose interest. Rebranding could cause confusion among current customers, potential customers and other key players in the industry. This could lead to a loss in client base. They (consumers) could also see it as being inconsistent and an inconsistent brand is an untrustworthy brand. Our packaging, colours,  company name, and everything else that represents us should not be changed without an extremely good reason. Product rebrands are perceived to be a good way of invigorating a brand, but they sometimes end in failure. According to Datamonitor (2009), in the past three decades, there have been many examples of brands attempting to rebrand themselves, either through a new logo, labeling/packaging, formulation or other means of re-identification. While some have been successful and others less so, the companies behind these brands all have one aim: to re-ignite a passion in consumers for a brand which has lost some of its magic. Examples of companies/brands that tried to rebrand include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A recent rebranding effort that caused controversy was Krafts Australian savory spread brand Vegemite, which undertook a brand extension in 2009. The original name of the extension, Vegemite iSnack 2.0, was designed to appeal to younger consumers but caused widespread derision, so much so that it was almost immediately withdrawn and renamed Cheesybite instead. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tropicana packaging was completely overhauled in 2009 and the picture of an orange with a straw in it, which had featured on its label for decades, was removed and replaced with a picture of a glass of orange. After consumers derided the new packaging for looking too generic, the old style was brought back. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cadbury introduced Dairy Milk as a megabrand across many of its chocolate bars in 2003 as a way of implementing unity and brand strength. However, it has gradually lost its potency over the past two years. In 2007, Cadbury reintroduced the Wispa brand to market after it had been dropped in 2003 in favor of Dairy Milk Bubbly, while the packaging of Cadburys Dairy Milk Caramel, known as Cadbury Caramel before 2003, has changed so that it resembles more its old style of imagery. The decision to rebrand is very serious and it is much more than just a change of package or name. Although rebranding sometimes seems as a reasonable step it should not be taken without due consideration. Changing a product name or package is seemed sometimes as an easy task, but to make it work to the business advantage is a difficult one. A decision to rebrand a product is wrong if done just for the sake of doing it or because competitors did so. Rebranding should always have a clear purpose and should not be taken lightly, as it is a massive overhaul of brand images and identity. No rebrand is possible without adequate research, repositioning the image without studying consumer demographics and psychographics is dangerous and I dont believe all these have been done yet, therefore, there is no reason to rush into a decision to change the package of Pico fruit drink. It should be noted that change for the sake of change is risky, especially if the results of the transformation are uncertain as in this case. Therefore we should be trying to consider long-term strategies and aims, and then updating brand identity to fit the changing goals if and if only it is absolutely necessary. A change of identity which includes package should always be considered and well-planned. And it is also important to think about the end result of the change, including negative elements. Rapid and extensive changes are harmful in most of circumstances. Therefore the most effective and safe strategy is to evolve slowly by updating the current image to modernize an existing, well-trusted brand, in order to keep the established customer base A change in name will not turn a company around, neither will it revitalize a dying product and as much as a rebranding can seem exciting at the time, there is a real risk that it is a waste of money and time. A brand is the sum total of an organizations reputation. When building your brand, the look of the product (package) does matter. It is most times what captivates a costumer and makes him or her reach for your product on the shelf. Once they become used to the look of a particular product or brand, changing it can confuse or even make them lose interest thereby spelling disaster for the product. However, you should rebrand if: Your target customer has changed. Your product has changed. Your competition has changed. Or if you cannot answer these questions: Do people no longer understand what you can offer Do people understand what makes you different? What is your client engagement? Do they spread your message and continue coming back for more? Do people trust what you say, your products and your services? Is there constant decrease in sales Can your employees/clients articulate what your brand stands for Are you are embarrassed to give away your business card  either due to unattractiveness or to the fact that its rather plain compared to that of competitors? Are all your communications are not consistent and in sync with the brand message and brand voice? If we have doubts about the answers to the above questions, then we would need to rebrand urgently. However, these cases do not apply to Pico fruit drink, so I see no reason for us to spend so much time and money doing something that may very well backfire in the long run. A reason we do not need to rebrand Pico fruit drink is because it has all the qualities of a good brand which according to Uche (2012) Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (OMAN Chapter) Vol. 2, No.3; Oct. 2012 are: 1. Confirms Credibility: A good brand is a signature of credibility, a symbol of trust, an image of consistency. It must therefore always espouse and exhibit a credible personality, which strengthens and compensates its clienteles/consumers for their sustained loyalty (brand equity). So far, consumers seem to like Pico fruit drink. They seem to like its personality, its quality and what it stands for which is trust and responsibility. Responsibility to the environment by producing safe recyclable packages, responsibility to our customers by producing delicious, healthy and hygienic fruit drink and responsibility to the brand by ensuring it never falls below standard. 2. Attracts Potential opportunities: Any brand that lacks a sustained ability to attract and exploit potential opportunities is not a good one. Not just opportunities in terms of brand extension, but opportunities in terms of innovative marketing strategies and advertising mix like exploiting the social media to create buzz which Pico has done in the past and is still doing to attract attention, organizing promotional offers, giving discounts and so on. The existing clientele base of a brand must not only be maintained, but also expanded, through the exploitation of whatever opportunities are present in the market, especially in a competitive environment, where the life and continued existence of the entity or product, is dependent on its ability to maintain and expand its clientele base. 3. Delivers clear and precise information: The message delivered by a brand must at all times be concise, consistent, and clear, and must not be packaged in such a way that it confuses consumers. Pico as a brand has tried to avoid ambiguity in all its messages and promotion materials in order not to cause confusion among customers thereby damaging the brand. Since a brand is a statement or commitment to quality, improved value and service delivery, advertisements, jingles, and other interfaces with which a product or entity connects with clients and prospective clients should be consistent, concise, and must be coherent with the actual performance of the brand, if the brand is to be defined as good. Otherwise, the brands identity, franchise, awareness, equity, image, and recognition will be adversely affected. In this view also, there should be strong brand differentiation, to enable customers correctly identify their choice of brand, and this means that the logo, image, mark, and ot her items affiliated with a brand should be distinct, to dissuade confusions that sometimes arise from inability of customers to distinguish one brands image or logo (identity) from another. Failure in this regard can lead to a brands untimely demise. 4. Ability of the Brand to Procure, Protract, and Preserve a Relationships and a Titanic Clientele base: Following a pragmatic viewpoint, a good brand should be able to foster a cordial, mutual, and self-sustaining relationship with its clienteles, which is continually expanding. For a brand to be classified as being good it must exhibit an inherent aptitude and propensity to secure and conserve existing relationships, while striving to build new ones, through its commitment to connect and establish workable and healthy relationships with old clients from whom fresh and prospective clients are fetched, to swell the clientele base of the brand. EXCELLENT BRAND MANAGEMENT PRCATICES EVERY BRAND SHOULD FOLLOW Building a brand that enjoys patronage and respect requires the establishment of a scheme, which ensures longevity of the brand in the market. Simple guidelines like the ones below which are in no way exhaustive, should be initiated: 1. We should always make sure that at no point in the lifespan of a product/brand should we introduce ideas and market strategies that alter the name, logo, symbol, or other aspects of a brand that makes it unique and different from other brands in the same product category, unless there is an extremely good reason for doing this. The name, package or distinct logo of a brand is a symbol that is universal and understandable by consumers, who not only attach sentiments to the package or logo, but are quick to employ it as a reference point of satisfaction and quality. While positive changes in other aspects of a brand are recommended, even during mergers, utmost care must be taken to preserve the distinctive identity of a brand, as this is the brain behind successful brands like Coca-Cola, Pepsi and Mobil, which have introduced various products, but still employ or affiliate their names to such products, to retain its clienteles. 2. In successfully managing a brand, a manager should always strive to generate and establish an indelible and positive impression of the brand in the mind of its consumers, especially where the market is characterized by competition. The brand equity of a product must be on the positive side, and this is attainable only when positive and indelible images of a brand is created in the mind of its patrons or customers; this is an undeniable formula for success in a competitive market, where consumers taste and choice varies. 3. Fulfilling the brand promise or contract is one practice that should never be neglected by a brand manager or owner, if a brand is to prosper and be sustained in any competitive market. A subconscious contract exists between a producer and the clients, to the effect that the brand must meet and surpass a mark of quality that is appreciable to its consumers, if the loyalty and patronage of the consumers is to be sustained. To this extent, if managers fail to meet or surpass the standard of quality that is obtainable and attained by competing brands in a market, especially when it fails to meet the expectation of consumers, a negative brand experience ensues, which could lead to the decline and possible death of the brand. 4. Giving adequate protection to a brand is an option that should be given adequate attention to by a manager and his team, if they want their product to do well in the market. A brand and its unique identity should not only be given legal protection in the form of copyright and patent cataloguing, which prevents dubious replication by fraudsters and even competition but should also be protected by maintaining an appreciable standard and quality, which should be jealously guarded and should never be compromised, immersed in scandal, or be allowed to tread the paths of deficient and mediocre products and brands. 5. In many cases, brand managers make the tragic mistake of rating and quantifying their brands and the charge of sustaining it as cost, rather than assets, and the outcome is unpleasant and detrimental to the development and sustainability of the brand. A brand is among the most prized asset of any entity, product, or producer; whatever is thus spent in advertising and marketing a brand should be treated as an investment, rather than as cost. Trying to quantify the effects of investing (advertising and marketing) in a brand may not be visible in the balance sheet, but in the long run, evaluation of state of affairs in the market will reveal the enviable function that the investments in the brand is yielding. Thus, investments made in the development, advertising, and marketing of a brand is not wasted, and should not be treated as cost, but as a high-yielding investment by brand managers. 6. Treating customers and other stakeholders with esteem is one practice that should not be neglected by brand managers, if the desire to establish a viable brand is to be achieved. In a corporate environment, good corporate governance should be observed, if the yearnings and aspirations of customers, patrons, and shareholders are to be met. This cannot be achieved in the absence of a workforce that is not ade

Dostoevsky’s Notes from Undergound - Reactions to an Overdeterministic

Dostoevsky’s Notes from Undergound - Reactions to an Overdeterministic Existence Some of the works cited are missing Dostoevsky presents his Notes from Undergound as the fragmented ramblings of an unnamed narrator. On the surface, the character’s narration appears disjointed and reaches no conclusive end ing until the author intercedes to end the book. However, a close examination of the underground man’s language reveals a progression in his collected ravings. After expressing dissatisfaction with the notion of determinism, the underground man perceives the irony of his ultra-deterministic reality. Through his narrative, the underground man discovers the truth about his predestined, fictional existence. Dostoevsky’s work is divided into two sections; throughout the first section, â€Å"Underground,† the narrator discusses and resists determinism. The underground man compares deterministic life to a mathematical formula, two times two equals four. He suggests that, according to the deterministic model, life conforms to a set of predestined events and actions, and its outcome is inevitable. The underground man condemns the formula, asserting, â€Å"After all, two times two is no longer life, gentlemen, but the beginning of death†(24). In his essay Narrative and Freedom, critic Gary Saul Morson elaborates upon the narrator’s statement, adding, â€Å"For life to be meaningful and for work to be more than robotic, there must be something not just unknown but still undecided† (Morson 196-7). According to the underground man, the pre-existence of the solution implies that no other conclusion may be reached; once one embarks on life, one cannot escape the inevitable outcome of death. Morson emphasizes the underground man’s res... ...nd man initially believes that by identifying the cause of his defectiveness, he will be able to correct his seemingly doomed life. Instead, he discovers that his real defect, his existence as fiction, prevents him from ever altering his circumstances. After heralding self-awareness as the key to controlling his own life, he finds that self-awareness only allows him to perceive how little control he could ever have. Works Cited and Consulted Berger, Peter L. The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion. New York: Anchor Books, 1990. Escher, M.C. â€Å"Drawing Hands.† Cover of Norton edition of Notes from Underground. Katz, Michael R., ed. Notes from Underground. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2001. Chernyshevsky, Nikolai. â€Å"What Is to Be Done?† Katz 104-123. Dostoevsky, Fyodor. â€Å"Notes from Underground.† Katz 3-91 Morson Todorov

Is Macbeth a hero or villain? Essay

The play ‘Macbeth’ by William Shakespeare is about a fascinating character known as Macbeth. Do we consider him a hero or a villain? There has been much questioning over this. As the story goes on, Macbeth went down many changed turns, some for good, and some for bad. Macbeth goes from a nice hero to a mean villain all in a small period of time. Many actions made Macbeth into a good person at the opening of the play, which gave him titles of bravery, loyalty, and a good reputation. Then several actions made Macbeth appear evil such as committing crimes, being greedy, and having temptation. Macbeth can be seen as either a hero or a villain. At the start of the play, Macbeth was what looked to be a hero. There are numerous great characteristics to show that Macbeth is a hero such as him being loyal, kind, and overall having a good reputation. First, Macbeth had a good reputation. The idea spoken consisted of Macbeth to be a â€Å"valiant cousin, worthy gentleman† (Act 1, Scene 2, Line 1) by Duncan, the king. This means King Duncan is admiring Macbeth for his remarkable struggles in the war, by calling him ‘valiant cousin’ which indicates he is in close relationship with King Duncan. Also, by saying he is a worthy gentlemen, Duncan is saying he is an honourable fighter. Second, Macbeth is a very loyal man. â€Å"Till he faced the slave; which ne’er shook hands, nor bade him farewell to him, till he unseamed him from the nave to th’ chops, and fixed his head upon our battlements.† (Act 1, Scene 2, Line 9) This quotation explains just how loyal Macbeth was to King Duncan and his coun try. He put his life in danger to fight in the battle against the enemy Macdonwald. This was the last battle he fought after meeting the three witches. Last, Macbeth was a kind guy. For instance, he showed great love for his wife at the start of the play. When Macbeth wrote letters to Macbeth telling her how he was, what his new thoughts were, and explaining how much he loved her, he is being a kind and thoughtful man. From all his heroic titles at the beginning it shows Macbeth achieving the ‘understanding of a hero as a person noted or admired for their courage or outstanding achievements.’ (Illustrated Oxford Dictionary, Dorling Kindersley). Macbeth’s bravery, loyalty, and kindness  are absolutely what make Macbeth a heroic character. Macbeth is also a villain in the beginning of the tragedy. A villain is defined to be an evil person who goes by evil approaches to get what he needs. First, Macbeth determines he wants to be King of Scotland. He decided this when th e witches predicted that he would be Thane of Cawdor. If the witches never welcomed him King of Scotland at first, he never would have prediction about killing the king. His action directed him to keep shedding people’s blood, and was in blood too deep he couldn’t go back. Later in the play Macbeth says to Lady Macbeth, â€Å"I am in blood / Stepp’d in so far, that, should I wade no more, / Returning were as tedious as go o’er.† (Act 3, Scene 4)This statement paints the image of Macbeth bathing in a sea of blood, being so far that it is easier to carry on than to go back. Also, he grew more detached from his wife, Lady Macbeth, and made choices without her recognition. For example, when he started to kill innocent families such as the MacDuff family and didn’t tell Lady Macbeth. So then he became more cruel in his tactics to stay as the King of Scotland and the public define him as ‘This tyrant’ (V, iii) and ‘A dwarfish thief’ (V, ii), by his evil ways. Lastly, during the play, every time Macbeth attempts to attain his ambition, he constantly blocks his respectable qualities in favour of a more wicked approach. This ambition of his points him to develop a troublemaker later in the play, which leads to his downfall and concluding murder by Macduff. For instance, a major evil action Macbeth did was killing King Duncan just so he could become king and gain power. In the book Macbeth stated: â€Å"I am settled, and bend up Each corporal agent to this terrible feat. Away, and mock the time with fairest show: False face must hide what the false heart doth know.† (Act 1, Scene 7, Line 90, Pg. 61) What Macbeth is stating is that he is ready to kill King Duncan, and after he is done he will have to act upon his ‘false face’ and try not to have the guilt sink in from the truth in his heart. These evil ways proved Macbeth to be very cold hearted and a serial killer. There is no doubt that Macbeth was a villain by his greed, despair, and temptation. Last, Macbeth had a choice to be evil or be a hero. First, the witch’s prophecies gave him a choice to make. He could have listened to them or did what he thought was good, but instead he chose evil ways. When Macbeth tries to find the witches in a dark cave, he finds them, and then they show him three ghosts. The first spirit seems as an armed head that says, â€Å"Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! beware Macduff; / Beware the thane of Fife.† The second spirit is a gory kid that tells Macbeth, â€Å"Be bloody, bold, and resolute; laugh to scorn / The power of man, for none born of woman / Shall harm Macbeth.† At last, the third apparition was another child with a crown on his head, telling Macbeth that he â€Å"Shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane Hill / Shall come against him.†(Act 4, Scene 1) This false self-assurance Macbeth was given was very significant so he could make his ultimate decision which ended in defeat. Macbeth had his wife’s thoughts too. Lady Macbeth convinced him to commit the murder when he questions the consequences to her. For Macbeth to be evil, he went with Lady Macbeth telling him he was too ‘un manly’ to kill Duncan and he should do it to become a man and not be a kid. The direct quotation that was used for Macbeth’s wife was â€Å"When you durst do it, then you were a man â€Å"(act 1, scene 7, line 4). Macbeth had a lot of decisions to choose the evil way or the hard way. He could have picked the heroic side which meant him still being thane of Caldor and Glamus, being treated nicely by Kind Duncan, and not feeling guilt by killing innocent people. Macbeth in the end, chose the wicked ways which sooner or later killed off his wife from her extreme guilt. This would not have happened if he had made accurate decisions. Unluckily, this is all triggered by miss treatment, being misled by his loved one, not seeing any enhancements he has made and non-existence love. In conclusion, MacBeth is a complicated character whose human nature means that he retains both good and evil qualities from the start of the play to the finish. He was heroic by being a strong person, a hero to Scotland, a Lord under the instruction of King Duncan, and having no reason to feel hopeless with where he is in life. Macbeth’s bravery, sense of right and wrong and his hesitant method of bad behaviour are as well-known as his evil ambition, cunning and cruelty. Macbeth cannot be argued as being purely  heroic or villainous; the difficulty of his character is proven by his vicious inner struggles and powered by his imaginings. It’s very tough to specify if Macbeth is evil or a hero, so from the thoughts everywhere what would you reflect? Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. New York: Washington Press, 1992 http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090322035719AA5KGEM http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~maggieoh/Macbeth/l_mac.htm http://www.shmoop.com/macbeth/violence-quotes.html http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=15195 http://www.aaazealots.com/NGB/macbeth.html http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070506222202AAJnJM1 http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100516110057AATYdkQ http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~maggieoh/Macbeth/index.html